Surfactants and detergency

When ammonium lauryl sulfate is reacted with ethylene oxide, the result is the larger molecule ammonium laureth sulfate. This molecule has the same detergent and surfactant qualities, but it is larger consequently it does not penetrate the skin and hair as easily. The term laureth is actually a contraction of lauryl ether. The full name is ammonium lauryl ether sulfate. 

Sodium lauryl sarcosinate is very similar to the lauryl sulfate class of detergents and surfactants. The sulfate group is replaced with the amino acid sarcosinic acid, and the ammonium group is replaced with a sodium atom. The result is a detergent that is milder on the skin and oral membranes, and can be used in toothpastes without causing irritation of the gums. 

Some detergents and surfactants are used as emulsifying agents. An emulsifier keeps oil droplets and water droplets from joining together, so a thick mixture of oil and water will not separate. Examples of emulsions are mayonnaise, butter, cream, homogenized milk, and salad dressings. 

This type of program relies as much on the detergent and surfactant properties of the biofilm control agent as it does on its biocidal properties. With the use of BCAs, rather than sole reliance of heavy-duty biocides, the sessile microorganisms are swept into the main body of the cooling system. More traditional biocides may still be required periodically. 

The most damaging substances routinely applied to skin include soaps and detergents. Whereas organic solvents must be applied in high concentrations to damage skin, 1 % aqueous solutions of detergents and surfactants (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate) increase the penetration of toxicants through human epidermis. 

More reactive hydroperoxides can be converted selectively to alcohols via the method of Bashkirov (Fig. 4.44), where a boric acid ester protects the product from further oxidation and thus increases the selectivity [121]. The method is used to convert C10-C20 paraffins to alcohols which are used as detergents and surfactants, for the oxidation of cyclohexane (see elsewhere) and cyclododecane to cyclododecanol (cyclododecanone) for the manufacture of nylon-12. 

Cobalt catalysts completely dominated industrial hydroformylation rmtil the early 1970s, when rhodium catalysts were commercialized. Most aldehydes produced are hydrogenated to alcohols or oxidized to carboxylic acids. Esterification of the alcohols with phthalic anhydride produces dialkyl phtha-late plasticizers that are primarily used for polyvinyl chloride plastics - the largest single end-use. Detergents and surfactants make up the next largest category, followed by solvents, lubricants, and chemical intermediates. 

This product is the amine salt of an alkyl aryl sulphonate found to be extremely useful as an emulsifier, detergent and surfactant. Supplied at approximately a 60% active concentration, it is light amber viscous liquid. 

This material is the sodium salt of an alkaline alkylaryl suphonate. This synthetic detergent and surfactant serves as an emulsifier, detergent, exhibiting some wetting efficiency and rewetting properties. Supplied at 35% and 25% concentrations. ... 

Is an amphoteric detergent and surfactant possessing both anionic and nonionic properties. This product shows excellent detergency and has the characteristic of keeping oil and dirt suspended and not permitting redeposition. In scouring of dyed fabric, this product has a mild stripping action. 

The Gibbs equation (see equation 19) predicts that a substance that reduces the surface (interfacial tension) will be the adsorbed at the surface (interface). Surface-active substances (especially long-chain fatty acids, detergents, and surfactants) decrease the surface (interfacial) tension. Amphipathic molecules (which contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups) become oriented at the interface. At solid-water interfaces, Ae orientation depends on the relative affinities of the adsorbate for water and the solid surface. The hydrophilic groups (sulfate carboxylate, hydroxyl, etc.) may—if the hydrophobic tendency is relatively small—interact coordinatively with the functional groups of the solid surface (Ochs et al., 1994 Ulrich et al., 1988). 

EINECS 248-133-5 Exxal 8 HSDB 6486 Isooctanol lsooctan-1-ol Isooctyl alcohol. Mixture of isomers, mostly with a methyl branch at C3, C4 or Cs. Intermediate in manufacture of plasticizers intermediate for nonionic detergents and surfactants, hydraulic fluids resin, solvent, emulsiher, antifoaming agent. 

If a higher fatty acid is used, a soap is formed, e.g. Ciy-Hss-COONa, sodium stearate. Soaps are the oldest and simplest detergents and surfactants (see Chapter 10). 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Emulsifier for lotions, soft creams, makeup, paints, adhesives emollient, emulsifier, vise, builder for cosmetics humectant in dry skin prods. plasticizer for cellulose nitrate solvent for paints/coatings, industrial applies. polyester and alkyd resins antifreeze coolant heat transfer fluid deicing fluid detergents and surfactants bactericide food additive, emulsifier, stabilizer, emulsion stabilizer, defoamer, vise, builder pharmaceutical surfactant, dispersant, emulsifier, solubilizer, lubricant, humectant, excipient, thickener, vehicle in food-pkg. adhesives in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles Features Lipophilic... 

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