Detectors biochemical sensors

Major Applications pH Sensors, optical chemical sensors, biochemical sensors, biosensors," fluorescent pH detector system, measuring fluorescence lifetime in cells, determining concentration of a laminar sample stream, fluorescent reporter beads for fluid analysis, measuring ch ical analytes, intracellular pH in human sperms, " multidrug resistance," recording intramitochon-drial pH, fluorescent probes ... 

To date, mass-sensitive devices have been used mainly for sensing analytes in the gas phase they are also applicable in principle to liquids, but this presupposes a more sophisticated physical arrangement, a much more complicated signal control, and very careful interpretation. Many published papers have dealt with the potential use of QMB, SAW, and, more recently, APM and LW devices as mass-sensitive detectors in chemical and biochemical sensors, but no such device has yet established itself commercially — with the exception of QMBs employed for thin-layer thickness measuring, which cannot be regarded as che-mosensors in the strictest. sense of the term [204],... 

A variety of biochemical sensors utilize amperometric detectors as the transducer. The receptor reacts specifically with the desired component in the measuring solution. Typical products of such biochemical reactions are inorganic ions or molecules such as H, NH, CN or O2, H2O2, and CO2 [31]. 

Dopable conjugated polymers have been investigated as both chemical and biochemical sensors - wherein changes in electrical conductivity of the polymer provide the device response.Initial efforts in this area dealt with smoke detectors, where the motivation was to elimi-... 

Here A and B are non-luminescence molecules. The C is the excited state of the product C. Often these reactions involve oxidation reactions and the presence of a catalyst. Both chemical and biochemical reactions could generate the photon. The intensity of the photons are collected through optical fibers and measured with a photon detector. The most successful chemiluminescence sensor for the detection of the hydrogen peroxide [13] is based on luminol using ferricyanide as catalyst... 

This type of sensor was adapted for biochemical applications by using an en2ymatic catalyst (an oxidase) immobilized on CPG and positioned prior to the detector, as shown in Fig. 3.34.C [242]. 

Micro flow control devices open new possibilities for the miniaturization of conventional chemical and biochemical analysis systems. The micro total analysis system (pTAS) including microfabricated detectors (e.g. silicon based chemical sensors, optical sensors), micro flow control devices and control/detec-tion circuits is a practical micro electro mechanical system (MEMS). pTAS realize very small necessary sample volume, fast response and the reduction of reagents which is very useful in chemical and medical analysis. Two approaches of monolithic and hybrid integration of these devices have been studied. Monolithic and hybrid types of flow injection analysis (FIA) systems were already demonstrated [4, 5]. The combination of the partly integrated components and discrete components is useful in many cases [6]. To fabricate such systems, bonding and assembling methods play very important roles [7]. 

Jorgensen, A.M., Mogensen, K.B., Kutter, J.P., Geschke, O., A biochemical microdevice with an integrated chemiluminescence detector. Sensors Actuators B 2003, 90, 15-21. 

Various transducers were employed in the DNA sensors to minimize the non-specific bindings and disturbances. Misiakos et al. [20] developed a microfluidic biosensor for DNA and protein molecules detection by integrating a monolithic silicon optocoupler. The DNA probes were spotted on the silicon nitride (Si3N4) film. The biochemical reaction was then determined by the changes in optical coupling efficiency and the detector photocurrent of... 

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