Detection butyrylcholinesterase

Fidder, A., Hulst, A.G., De Ruiter, R., Van Der Schans, M.J., Benschop, H.P., and Langenberg, J.P., (2002). Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anticholinesterases mass spectrometric analysis of phosphylated human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15, 582-590. 

Fidder and coworkers (50) developed a versatile procedure that identifies phosphylated butyrylcholi-nesterase. Adducted butyrylcholinesterase is isolated from plasma by affinity chromatography (procainamide column), digested with pepsin, and a nonapep-tide containing the phosphylated active-site serine residue detected using LC/ESI/MS/MS (quadrupole-TOF hybrid instrument). A C18 150 x 0.3-mm LC column was used, eluted with a gradient of water-acetonitrile-0.2 % formic acid. The method was applied successfully to casualties of sarin poisoning from the Tokyo subway attack (see Chapter 17). 

Langenberg, Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anticholinesterases mass spectrometric analysis of phosphylated human butyrylcholinesterase, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15, 582-590 (2002). 

Tsuge, K., Seto, Y. (2006). Detection of butyrylcholinesterase-nerve gas adducts by liquid chromatography-mass spectro-metric analysis after in gel chymotryptic digestion. J. Chromatogr. B 838 21-30. 

Van der Schans, M.J., Fidder, A., Van Oeveren, D., Hulst, A.G., Noort, D. (2008a). Verification of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors generic detection of OPCW Schedule 1 nerve agent adducts to human butyrylcholinesterase. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(1) 125-30. 

Noort D, Fidder A, van der 8chans MJ, Hulst AG. Verification of exposure to organophosphates generic mass spectrometric method for detection of human butyrylcholinesterase adducts. Anal Chem, 2006 78 6640-6644. 

Several piezoelectric sensors for the detection of low molecular weight compounds like pesticides (9-11), toxins (12), or drugs (13) have been reported in recent years (Table 1). A piezoelectric biosensor with a reversibly coupled (via His-tag) paraoxon for the binding of tetrameric butyrylcholinesterase to the active site of the enzyme has also been described by us (14). The commercially available devices have recently been reviewed (15, 16). 

Fig. 3. Binding curves for BChE binding to a BZE-DADOO-modified piezosensor the dashed line indicates the zero baseline. The limit of detection is 5 pg/mL (=1.4 x 1 (H mol/L) of butyrylcholinesterase.

Tacrine (initially 10 mg p.o. q.i.d.) is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer s type. Although many neuronal systems are affected in Alzheimer s disease, the decline in central cholinergic activity is one of the most pronounced neurotransmitter deficits. Tacrine s primary effect is the reversible inhibition of cholinesterase—butyrylcholinesterase more than acetylcholinesterase. This inhibition increases the level of acetylcholine in the central nervous system. In fact, increased levels of acetylcholine have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients receiving tacrine (see also Figure 12). 

White B. J., Legako J. A., and Harmon H. J., Rapid reagent-less detection of competitive inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase. Sens. Actuators B, 91, 138-142, 2003. 

Yang, D., Tang, J., Yang, X., Deng, P., Zhao, Y., Zhu, S., Xie, Y., Dai, X., Liao, H., Yu, M., Liao, J. Liao, F. (2011). An integration strategy to measure enzyme activities for detecting irreversible inhibitors with dimethoate on butyrylcholinesterase as model. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol.91, no.5, (March 2011), pp.431-439, ISSN 0306-7319... 

Fast analysis of ofloxacin and lidocaine (as bactericide and analgesic) is of clinic importance for understanding the patient s medical process. A sensitive method for the determination of lidocaine, ofloxacin [46], enrolloxacin (ENR), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) [47] by CE integrated with ECL detection has been developed based on porous etched joint and end-column Ru(bpy)3 ECL and successfully applied to determine ENR and CIP in milk with a solid-phase extraction procedure. The proposed method explores detection limits of lidocaine, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin as 3.0 x 10 , 5.0 x 10 , 10 x 10 , and 15 x 10 mol L respectively (S/N = 3). CE-ECL detection method has also been used to characterize disopyramide with a detection limit of 2.5 x 10 mol L (S/N = 3) [48], and procaine hydrolysis as a probe for butyrylcholinesterase by in vitro procaine metabolism in plasma with butyrylcholinesterase acting as bioscavenger. Procaine and its metabolite N, A-diethylethanolamine were separated at 16 kV with... 

Yuan J, Yin J, Wang E (2007) Characterization of procaine metabolism as probe for the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme investigation by simultaneous determination of procaine and its metabolite using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1154(l-2) 368-372. doi 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.024... 

The ability of the electrode to detect choline over a wide concentration range allows its use for measurement of butyryl-choline concentration in assay systems employing coupled butyrylcholinesterase. The butyrylcholinesterase causes choline production due to enzymatic hydrolysis of butyryl-choline. 

Butyryl-choline detection in such a system can be realized by two different coupling approaches (i) co-immobilization of butyrylcholinesterase on a choline bienzyme electrode, which results in a tri-enzyme electrochemical sensing system (ii) use of solubilized butyrylcholinesterase in a coupled system with an electrode for choline determination, by addition of standard amounts of the dissolved enzyme to the measuring cell. In both cases butyrylcholinesterase activity affects the choline electrode response providing the presence of choline in the solution. Both coupling approaches are suitable for analysis of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors such as organophosphorus compounds. 

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