Dermal exposure summary

In summary, although there is considerable evidence that parabens can penetrate into the skin, permeation and systemic availability of intact compounds are likely to be considerably reduced by transcutaneous and systemic metabolism. Furthermore, since these preservatives are present at concentrations of 0.1-0.2 percent w/w in topical pharmaceutical formulations, in-use dermal exposure to these compounds will be relatively low. In the cosmetic industry, there is a trend toward preservative-free and self-preserving formulations (Kabara and Orth 1997). However, before starting down this road, the pharmaceutical formulator must consider the potential implications on the efficacy and safety of the product. 

In summary, there Is a 3- to 5-fold decrease associated with the use of a spray cab In alrblast operations, when the mixings and fillings are done under similar conditions. There Is no evidence that a Chemical Control Center Influences the potential dermal exposure resulting from spray operations as defined In this study. Patches worn by our technicians In the Chemical Control Centers during the course of the study gave no evidence of pesticide exposure to casual frequenters of the area. 

Another point which can be made from the example summaries shown here Is the Indication of comparability of exposures to application rates. In Table II, for example, the range of dermal exposures for Organophosphates applied at. 5 - 3 lbs Al/acre Is quite similar to the range of dermal exposures for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides applied at 1 - 3 lb Al/acre shown In Table III. And the general relationship Is further Indicated by the proportional Increase In the range of dermal exposures noted for Organophosphates applied at 3 - 4 lb Al/acre shown In Table IV. These examples, however, only serve to encourage us to believe In the viability of a data base for mixer-loader/appllcator exposures If more data were available that could be compared on an equal basis. 

The NPDS does not differentiate in its summaries of the total numbers of cases between exposures resulting in no symptoms and symptomatic exposures, especially by exposure route. It cannot be determined how many clinically symptomatic dermal exposures occurred during the 5-year period. Also lacking are detailed descriptions for most individual cases and important information such as the amount and concentration of substances involved in dermal exposures, delay to and type of decontamination measures utilized, and pertinent clinical outcomes (lost work time, requirement for additional medical or surgical treatment, sequelae). 

In summary, for the general population, the common routes of exposure to environmental compounds are ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. Many PEAS are environmentally persistent but not lipophilic rather they have mixed lipophobic and hydrophobic properties. The exposure scenario is complex as PEAS have a large variety of applications. Gral exposure from materials other than food, inhalation and dermal contact may be important exposure routes for certain segments of the population. Dust inhalation could also be a possible source of exposure. However, the information on concentrations of PEAS in indoor dust is very limited and the bioavailability of the current compounds from dust is unknown. 

In summary, there is much information regarding the specific neurological effects that may be induced by oral exposures to kerosene in humans, but dose-response data are lacking for both animals and humans. More information is needed to identify the inhalation and dermal effects of fuel oils on the nervous system in both animals and humans. 

The US-EPA Child Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (US-EPA 2006), first published in 2002, consolidates all children s exposure factors data into one document. The document provides a summary of the available and up-to-date statistical data on various factors assessing children s exposures. These factors include drinking water consumption soil ingestion inhalation rates dermal factors including skin area and soil adherence factors consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, meats, dairy products, homegrown foods, and breast milk activity patterns body weight consumer products and life expectancy. 

Summary of Carcinogenic Unit Risk Calculations for Oral Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride s 2-4 Levels of Significant Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride - Dermal 2-5 Genotoxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride In Vitro 2-6 Genotoxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride In Vivo... 

In summary, dermal application of either coal tar or beechwood creosote results in mild-to-severe irritation of the skin, and other exposed tissues, as well as benign skin lesions in both humans and animals. Coal tar creosote also induces phototoxicity, so that exposure to the sun exacerbates its irritant effects. 

This chapter discusses issues relevant to assessing exposure of military personnel to jet-propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8). The chapter begins with a description of various scenarios under which military personnel are exposed to JP-8, followed by a brief discussion of the challenges of quantifying human exposure to this distillate fuel. The next section contains a summary of data from studies that have measured concentrations of several components of JP-8 in ambient air at Air Force aircraft maintenance sites. Studies measuring body burden of several JP-8 components in workers involved in aircraft maintenance are also presented. The final section of this chapter describes how the physical and chemical properties of JP-8 affect uptake into the body from exposure by the inhalation, dermal, and oral routes. This last section also serves as a prelude to interpretation of animal toxicity studies conducted with distillate fuels (e.g., JP-8) that are described in later chapters. 

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