Water immersion depth, effect

Fig. 7 Correlation among the layer parameters (immersion depth, h, particle diameter, d, distance between the centers of nearest neighbours, D, surface coverage, y), Wgfr and the surface pressure, II a immersion of particles versus surface pressure b surface coverage versus surface pressure c the change of the effective refractive index with compression and d correlation between the effective refractive index and the rate of silica in the layer that is submerged in water. Hydrophobic particles closed circles), hydrophilic particles open circles)...

The effective refractive index obtained from the uniform-layer method proved to be a useful parameter to characterize the interfacial layer between water and air. It was found to be higher for the hydrophihc particles than for the hydrophobic ones, and it increased with the applied surface pressure (Fig. 7c). The variation of the effective refractive index was found to correlate with the immersion depth of the particles and then-packing density (h/D), as expected of a valid optical model (Fig. 7d). 

Other useful references in this section are presented as titles Headgroup immersion depth and its effect on the lateral diffusion of amphiphiles at the air/water interface The polymerisation of styrene has been initiated using ferrocene-containing ethynyl peroxides. ... 

The penetration depth of oil lenses (with or without particles) is generally deeper than that of the particles alone because the shape of the lens is controlled by the air—oil (crAO) and the oil—water (interfacial tensions. In practical systems, aAQ is much higher than aqueous phase (Figure 31). This penetration depth difference is a reason that the mixed-type antifoams are much more effective than the hydrophobic particles alone. 

The inability to control precisely the reference junction temperature or to obtain accurate compensation would also affect thermocouple reliability. In the case of an ice bath, factors that can cause the junction temperature to depart from 0°C include non uniformity in the temperature of the ice-water mixture, small depth of immersion, insufficient ice, and large wire sizes (conduction effects). Reference 46 describes various sources of errors in an ice bath. 

The test apparatus was modified by the addition at the lubricant supply Inlet of a length of 10 mm diameter copper tube formed into a coll of some 150 mm diameter and Immersed In a bath of water. The water temperature could be adjusted to effect a change In lubricant viscosity. All the results reports were carried outwlth one glass pad (number 2 of reference (6)) which had a length (in the surface motion direction) of 100 mm, a width of 45 mm and a central square supply groove of 9.5 mm side. The depth of the groove was 1.5 mm. 

In addition to these effects, corrosion can be caused through local variations in the solution concentrations, by a type of concentration cell (q.v.) effect. A common example of this is illustrated in figure C.17 for a steel structure immersed in sea-water. The concentration of oxygen decreases with increasing depth, and so will the equilibrium potential for oxygen reduction. As a consequence, the metal near the surface will act as a cathode, and metal dissolution will occur in the parts... 

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