Depression sleep

HINT In order to remember the nine diagnostic symptoms for a major depressive episode, learn the following mnemonic Depression = SIG E CAPS (depression, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor, suicide). 

Polysomnographic sleep research has demonstrated that besides disturbances of sleep continuity in depression, sleep disturbance is also characterized by a reduction of slow-wave sleep and a disinhibition of REM sleep, with a shortening of REM latency, a prolongation of the first REM period, and increased REM density [62]. Most effective antidepressant agents suppress REM sleep, and depressive symptoms are at least transiently alleviated by manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle, such as sleep deprivation or a phase advance of the sleep period [63]. Thus, there appears to be a bidirectional relationship between sleep, sleep alterations and mood. 

As pain becomes more chronic, hypertension, tachycardia, and diaphoresis become less evident, and depression, sleep disturbances, anxiety, irritability, work problems, and family instability tend to dominate. 

Preschoolers Child Behavior Checklist/ 2-3 100 items rated 0—2, 6 subscales social withdrawal, depressed, sleep problems, somatic problems, aggressive, destructive P Achenbach et ah, 1992... 

Vogel GW, Vogel FA. A new animal model of human endogenous depression. Sleep Res 1982 11 222. 

Feng P, Guan Z, Yang X, Fang J. Changes of sexual activity, ERK, pERK, PP1 and MPK-2 in rat model of depression. Sleep 2002 25 A17-18. 

We are not certain which comorbid risk factors cause mortality independent of sleep effects, and therefore, we cannot be certain whether we controlled too much or too little for comorbidities. For example, since short sleep or long sleep may cause a person to be sick at present or to get little exercise or to have heart disease (17), diabetes (18), etc., controlling for these possible mediating variables may have incorrectly minimized the hazards associated with sleep durations. This would be overcontrol. The hazard ratios for participants who were rather healthy at the time of the initial questionnaires were unlikely to be overcontrolled for initial illness. Since the 32-covariate models and the hazard ratios for initially healthy participants were similar, this similarity reduced concern that the 32-covariate models were overcontrolled. On the other hand, there may have been residual confounding processes that caused both short or long sleep and early death that we could not adequately control in the CPSII data set, either because available control variables did not adequately measure the confound or because the disease did not yet manifest itself. Depression, sleep apnea, and dysregulation of cytokines are plausible confounders that were not adequately controlled. It may be impossible to be confident that all conceivable confounds are adequately controlled in epidemiological studies of sleep. 

Staner L, Kerkhofs M, Detroux D, Leyman S, Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J (1995) Acute, subchronic and withdrawal sleep EEG changes during treatment with paroxetine and amitriptyline a double-blind randomized trial in major depression. Sleep 18 470-477... 

Kerkhofs M, Linkowski P, Lucas F, Mendlewicz J (1991) Twenty-four-hour patterns of sleep in depression. Sleep 14 501-506... 

Adrien J (2002) Neurobiological bases for the relation between sleep and depression. Sleep Med Rev 6 341-351... 

Louis smoked for five years before deciding to quit. Then he stopped for a week and he felt great. He did not recognize the withdrawal symptoms of depression, sleep disturbance, irritability, slight tremors, and other withdrawal effects that appeared a month after he stopped. He did not recognize the craving that made him start again as a withdrawal symptom..11... 

These include loss of general wellbeing, tired legs, fatigue, depression, sleep disturbances including insomnia, dreaming, feelings of weakness, gut upsets, rashes. 

Withdrawal from depressant sleeping pills can trigger rebound insomnia. 

Paradoxical Reaction (particularly in children) manifested as excitation, nervousness, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, convulsions. CNS depression has occurred in infants and young children (respiratory depression, sleep apnea, SIDS). Long-term therapy may produce extrapyramidal symptoms noted as dystonia (abnormal movements), pronounced motor restlessness (most frequently occurs in children), and parkinsonian symptoms (esp. noted in elderly). Blood dyscrasias, particularly agranulocytosis, have occurred. 

Neckelmann, D., Mykletun, A., and Dahl, A.A., Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep, 30, pp. 873-880,2007. 

Picchietti D, Winkelman JW. Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and depression. Sleep 2005 28(7) 891-8. 

Skeletal and respiratory muscle weakness Cardiorespiratory deconditioning Nosocomial infections Malnutrition Decubitus wounds Adverse drug events Fatigue Dyspnea Anxiety Delirium Depression Sleep deprivation Cognitive dysfunction Impaired communication Loss of control... 

Acylated azaindoles, which form a class of medicinally important compounds for the treatment of diseases, such as inflammation, asthma, anxiety, depression, sleeping disorders, Alzheimer s, migraine, and pain, are prepared in good yields and purity using AICI3 (eq 58)7 ... 

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