Deposition of Nanomaterials

Hain J, Schrinner M, Lu Y, Pich A (2008) Design of multicomponent microgels by selective deposition of nanomaterials. Small 4 2016-2024... 

Metallic nanopartides were deposited on ceramic and polymeric partides using ultrasound radiation. A few papers report also on the deposition of nanomaterials produced sonochemically on flat surfaces. Our attention will be devoted to spheres. In a typical reaction, commerdally available spheres of ceramic materials or polymers were introduced into a sonication bath and sonicated with the precursor of the metallic nanopartides. In the first report Ramesh et al. [43] employed the Sto-ber method [44] for the preparation of 250 nm silica spheres. These spheres were introduced into a sonication bath containing a decalin solution of Ni(CO)4. The as-deposited amorphous clusters transform to polyciystalline, nanophasic, fee nickel on heating in an inert atmosphere of argon at a temperature of 400 °C. Nitrogen adsorption measurements showed that the amorphous nickel with a high surface area undergoes a loss in surface area on crystallization. 

A. I. Zamaleeva, R. T. Minullina, J. R. Tully, M. R. Dzamukova, S. A. Konnova and E. A. Naumenko, Direct deposition of Nanomaterials onto cells, in Cell Surface Engineering Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells, R. Fakhrullin, 1. Choi, Y. Evov (Eds),The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 28-47, 2014. 

Figure 7.3 Prediction of site-selective deposition of nanomaterials in the respiratory tract during nose breathing. Reprinted with from Ref [51] with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives.

L. Holland. Vacuum Deposition of Thin Films, Chapman and Hall, London (1966) TS 695 H6. J.P. Hii th and M. Pound. Condensation and Evaporation, Pergamon Piess New York (1963). J.M. Howe. Intetfaces in Materials, J. Wiley and Sons, New York (1997) QC 173.4.157 H68. A.V. Goldstein (ed.). Handbook of Nanomaterials, Marcel Dekker, New York (1997) TA418.9. 

According to Ref. [12], template for synthesis of nanomaterials is defined as a central structure within which a network forms in such a way that removal of this template creates a filled cavity with morphological or stereochemical features related to those of the template. The template synthesis was applied for preparation of various nanostructures inside different three-dimensional nanoporous structures. Chemically, these materials are presented by polymers, metals, oxides, carbides and other substances. Synthetic methods include electrochemical deposition, electroless deposition, chemical polymerization, sol-gel deposition and chemical vapor deposition. These works were reviewed in Refs. [12,20]. An essential feature of this... 

The next three chapters (Chapters 9-11) focus on the deposition of nano-structured or microstructured films and entities. Porous oxide thin films are, for example, of great interest due to potential application of these films as low-K dielectrics and in sensors, selective membranes, and photovoltaic applications. One of the key challenges in this area is the problem of controlling, ordering, and combining pore structure over different length scales. Chapter 9 provides an introduction and discussion of evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), a method that combines sol-gel synthesis with self-assembly and phase separation to produce films with a tailored pore structure. Chapter 10 describes how nanomaterials can be used as soluble precursors for the preparation of extended... 

Karthikeyan J, Bemdt CC, Tikkanen J, Reddy S, and Herman H. Plasma spray synthesis of nanomaterial powders and deposits. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 1997 238 275-286. 

Deposition of nano-particles on ceramic or polymeric surfaces According to the review by Gedanken (2004), sonochemistry has been used to deposit different nanomaterials (metals, oxides, semiconductors) on the surfaces of ceramic and polymeric materials. 

A variety of nanomaterials have been synthesized by many researchers using anodic aluminum oxide film as either a template or a host material e.g., magnetic recording media (13,14), optical devices (15-18), metal nanohole arrays (19), and nanotubes or nanofibers of polymer, metal and metal oxide (20-24). No one, however, had tried to use anodic aluminum oxide film to produce carbon nanotubes before Kyotani et al. (9,12), Parthasarathy et al. (10) and Che et al. (25) prepared carbon tubes by either the pyrolytic carbon deposition on the film or the carbonization of organic polymer in the pore of the film. The following section describes the details of the template method for carbon nanotube production. 

Gold nanoparticle assembly can be induced in several ways such as binding of nanoparticles to other nanoparticles or nanomaterials, deposition of nanoparticles on functionalized surfaces, or the use of templates. This subsection presents some examples of the different types of assemblies of Au NPs. 

Common methods for the fabrication of metallic nanoparticle arrays are electron beam lithography, photolithography, laser ablation, colloidal synthesis, electrodeposition and, in recent time, nanosphere lithography for which a monodisperse nanosphere template acts as deposition mask. A review on advances in preparation of nanomaterials with localized plasmon resonance is given in [15]. 

The template method is a general approach for preparing nanomaterials that entaU synthesis or deposition of the desired material within the cylindrical and monodisperse pores of a nanopore membrane or other solid [20-22]. Cylindrical nano-strucmres with monodisperse diameters and lengths are obtained, and depending on the membrane and synthetic method used, these may be solid nano wires or hollow nanombes. This method has been used to prepare nano wires and nanombes composed... 

Nanoscale materials are known to have various shapes and structures such as spherical, needle-like, tubes, platelets, and so on. The effects of the shape on the toxicity of nanomaterials are unclear. The shape of nanomaterials may have effects on the kinetics of deposition and absorption to the body. Inhaled particles in the nanosize range can certainly deposit in all parts of the respiratory tract including the alveolar region of the lungs. Dependent upon the specific application, oral, dermal, and other routes of exposure are also possible for nanoparticles. Because of their small size, they may pass into cells directly through the cell membrane or penetrate the skin and distribute throughout the body once translocated to the blood circula-... 

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