Deposition Japan

Honma, H. and Shuto, K. (1979) On strontium isotope ratio of barite from Kuroko-type deposits, Japan. 

Imai, A., Shimazaki, H. and Nishizawa, T. (1998) Hydrogen isotope study of fluid inclusions in vein quartz of the Hishikari gold deposits, Japan. Resource Geology, 48, 159-170. 

Izawa, E., Kurihara, M. and Itaya, T. (1993) K-Ar ages and the initial Ar isotopic ratio of adularia-quartz veins from the Hishikari gold deposit, Japan. Resource Geology Special Issue, 14, 63-69. 

Kiyosu, Y. (1977b) Sulfur isotope ratios of ores and chemical environment of ore deposition in the Taishu Pb-Zn sulfide deposits, Japan. Geochem. J., 11, 91-99. 

Kusakabe, M. and Chiba, H. (1983) Oxygen and sulfur isotopic composition of barite and anhydrite Irom the Fukazawa deposit, Japan. Econ. Geol. Mon. 5, 292-301. 

Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R.O. (1974) Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in the Kuroko deposits, Japan. Econ. Geol, 69, 947-953. 

Shikazono, N., Hoshino, M., Utada, M., and Ueda, A. (1998) Hydrothermal carbonates in altered wall rocks at the Uwamuki Kuroko deposits, Japan. Mineralium Deposita, 33, 346-358. 

Shimazaki, H. and Horikoshi, E. (1990) Black ore chimney from the Hanaoka Kuroko deposits, Japan. Mining Geology, 40, 313-322. 

Takahashi, H. (1985) Methods for estimating mineral composition of altered rocks of the Hosokura Pb-Zn ore deposits, Japan. Mining Geology, 38, 347-356 (in Japanese). 

Tanimura, S., Date, J., Takahashi, T. and Ohmoto, H. (1983) Geologic setting of the Kuroko deposits, Japan. 

Kase, K. and Horiuchi, Y. (1996) Cadmium, manganese, and cobalt contents of sphalerite from the Kieslager-type copper deposits, Japan. Resource Geology, 46, 137—150. 

In this case, the fractions of expanded component deduced from the 001/001 spacings are in disagreement with the curves for a vermiculite-illite mixture (Figure 13). This is no doubt due, as Tamura suggests, to the fact that the expanded component is chloritic. This modifies especially the movement of the 001/001 peak (Figure 13 see MacEwan et al. [1961]). Corrensite (chlorite-swelling chlorite) has been identified in the alteration zone of Hanoka deposits (Japan) by Shimoda [1970]. 

Large deposits of free sulphur occur in America, Sicily and Japan. Combined sulphur occurs as sulphides, for example galena, PbS, zinc blende, ZnS, and iron pyrites, FeSj, and as sulphates, notably as gypsum or anhydrite, CaS04. 

J. B. MacChesney, P. B. O Connor, P. V. DiMarceUo, J. R. Simpson, and P. D. La2ay, "Preparation of Low-Loss Optical Pibers Using Simultaneous Vapor-Phase Deposition and Pusion," in Proceedings of t/je Tent/j Internationa/ Congress on G/ass, Ffoto, Japan, Vol. 6 Ceramics Society, Japan, 1974, pp. 50—54. 

Interfdci l Composite Membra.nes, A method of making asymmetric membranes involving interfacial polymerization was developed in the 1960s. This technique was used to produce reverse osmosis membranes with dramatically improved salt rejections and water fluxes compared to those prepared by the Loeb-Sourirajan process (28). In the interfacial polymerization method, an aqueous solution of a reactive prepolymer, such as polyamine, is first deposited in the pores of a microporous support membrane, typically a polysulfone ultrafUtration membrane. The amine-loaded support is then immersed in a water-immiscible solvent solution containing a reactant, for example, a diacid chloride in hexane. The amine and acid chloride then react at the interface of the two solutions to form a densely cross-linked, extremely thin membrane layer. This preparation method is shown schematically in Figure 15. The first membrane made was based on polyethylenimine cross-linked with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (28). The process was later refined at FilmTec Corporation (29,30) and at UOP (31) in the United States, and at Nitto (32) in Japan. 

Approximately 40% of synthetic amorphous siUca production is in Europe, followed by North America at 30%, and Japan at 12%. Although deposits of naturally occurring amorphous siUcas are found in all areas of the world, the most significant commercial exploitation is of diatomaceous earth in industrialized countries (see Diatomite). This is because of the high cost of transportation relative to the cost of the material. Worldwide manufacturers of amorphous siUca products are Hsted in Table 2. 

As of 1996 world production of sodium nitrate was about 520,000 metric tons annually. Of this quantity, some 450,000 t (86%) are produced in Chile from natural deposits by SQM Nitratos and distributed worldwide by several affOiates, eg, Chilean Nitrate Corporation in the United States and Nitrate Sales International in Belgium. The remainder, ca 70,000 t, is manufactured mainly in Europe, Japan, and Russia, generally as a by-product of nitric acid production. Additionally, China is known to manufacture some unknown but significant volumes of sodium nitrate for domestic use. 

Pyrite is the most abundant of the metal sulfides. Eor many years, until the Erasch process was developed, pyrite was the main source of sulfur and, for much of the first half of the twentieth century, comprised over 50% of world sulfur production. Pyrite reserves are distributed throughout the world and known deposits have been mined in about 30 countries. Possibly the largest pyrite reserves in the world are located in southern Spain, Portugal, and the CIS. Large deposits are also in Canada, Cypms, Einland, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia. However, the three main regional producers of pyrites continue to be Western Europe Eastern Europe, including the CIS and China. 

To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel —cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for the value of their materials. Voluntary battery collection and reclaiming efforts are under way in both Europe and Japan. However the collection of small batteries is not without difficulties. Consideration is being given to deposit approaches to motivate battery returns for collection and reclamation. 

Occurrence. Iodine [7553-56-2] is widely distributed in the Hthosphere at low concentrations (about 0.3 ppm) (32). It is present in seawater at a concentration of 0.05 ppm (33). Certain marine plants concentrate iodine to higher levels than occur in the sea brine these plants have been used for their iodine content. A significant source of iodine is caUche deposits of the Atacama Desert, Chile. About 40% of the free world s iodine was produced in Japan from natural gas wells (34), but production from Atacama Desert caUche deposits is relatively inexpensive and on the increase. By 1992, Chile was the primary world producer. In the United States, underground brine is the sole commercial source of iodine (35). Such brine can be found in the northern Oklahoma oil fields originating in the Mississippian geological system (see Iodine and iodine compounds). 

Nickel. Worldwide, nickel used in electroplating has averaged about 63,500 t annually from 1980—1990 (9). The United States uses about 18,000 t/yr, and Europe about the same quantity Japan consumes about 9,000 t, and another 9,000 t is used by the other Pacific rim countries. Canada and South America are reported to use about 4500 t aimuaHy. Electroforming apphcations consume another 4500 t of nickel worldwide. About half of this electroforming is done in the United States and Canada. Nickel deposited from autocatalytic solutions was estimated to account for 1600 t of nickel on a worldwide basis (10) in 1990. Nickel averaged 3.65/kg ia early 1993 (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

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