Deoxyribonucleic acid yields

Procedure A sample containing about 2 mg ribonucleic acid per ml is heated on the water bath for 50 min with 8 ml of a 0.1% solution of ferric chloride in cone, hydrochloric acid-acetic acid (1 + 6). The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and 1 ml of a 25% solution of phloroglucinol in cone, hydrochloric acid-acetic acid-water (25 + 50 + 25) is added. After standing 20 min, the mixture is heated 4 min on the water bath. The colour (abs-max. 680 nm) attains maximum intensity after about 10 h at room temperature. Deoxyribonucleic acid yields no colour. 

Benzylamine Purine. The purine 6-benzylaminopurine [1214-39-7] (13) is an analogue of the natural product adenine, a component of both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. It is not employed alone, but rather in combination with the natural products GA and GA to improve the size, weight, and thereby, yield per hm of Red DeHcious apples (10,24,25). Compounds with cytokinin activity were reported in 1913 (26) and asymmetric growth in apples was pubHshed in 1968 (27). 

Cytosine was isolated from hydrolysis of calf thymus in 1894 and by 1903 its structure was known and it had been synthesized from 2-ethylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-one. The acid hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid gives nucleotides, among which are two cytidylic acids, 2 -and 3 -phosphates of cytidine further hydrolysis gives cytidine itself, i.e. the 1-/3-D-ribofuranoside of cytosine, and thence cytosine. The deoxyribonucleic acids likewise yield deoxyribonucleotides, including cytosine deoxyribose-5 -phosphate, from which the phosphate may be removed to give cytosine deoxyriboside and thence cytosine. 

The nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are biological polymers that act as chemical carriers of an organism s genetic information. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleic acids yields nucleotides, the monomer units from which RNA and DNA are constructed. Further enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nucleotides yields nucleosides plus phosphate. Nucleosides, in turn, consist of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to Cl of an aldopentose sugar—ribose in RNA and 2-deoxyribose in DNA. The nucleotides are joined by phosphate links between the 5 phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3 hydroxyl on the sugar of another nucleotide. 

In view of the difficulty of hydrolyzing the pyrimidine nucleosidic linkages, ribonucleic acids have been hydrolyzed to a mixture of purine bases and pyrimidine nucleotides which is then separated by paper chromatography.132, 163 164 This method has been employed extensively for the analysis of ribonucleic acids, and gives reproducible results,166 but it has not been used to any great extent for deoxyribonucleic acids, probably because, under these conditions of hydrolysis, they yield some pyrimidine deoxy-ribonucleoside diphosphates.166... 

Deoxyinosine is not considered to be a normal constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid. Deaminases are present in deoxyribonucleic acid which convert (see Ref. 69) deoxyadenosine to IX. Earlier methods for isolation of the nucleosides of deoxyribonucleic acid usually yielded the hypoxanthine (6-hydroxypurine) nucleoside instead of deoxyadenosine. 

Diffuse X-Ray Scattering. Polymers yield only a few diffuse X-ray peaks and streaks, which give an idea of the relative "crystallinity" of the polymer and of its growth axis. The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was inferred in 1953 by Watson166 and Crick167 [66] from the fiber-axis X-ray photographs of DNA salts by Franklin,168 one of which is Fig. 11.75. 

The fidelity of cellular repair and reproduction is determined by a coding system based on polynucleotides - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). In general (with some inevitable exceptions of course), the information flow is from DNA molecules (genes) which are transcribed to yield RNA molecules which in turn are translated on complex macromolecular protein-RNA assemblies called ribosomes to yield proteins (polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds). 

Two enz)mies of pyrrolidine alkaloid formation responsible for the conversion of putrescine to the N-methylpyrrolinium ion have been investigated in some detail. PMT, partially purified from cultures of Hyoscyamus niger and fully characterized from Datura stramonium, has been cloned by differential screening of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) libraries from high- and low-nicotine-yielding N. tabacum plants (Hibi et ah, 1994). The enzyme shows considerable sequence homology to spermidine synthase but is distinct from this enz)mie as it only shows PMT activity when expressed in Escherichia coli. MPO has been isolated in pure form from N. tabacum transformed root cultures (McLauchlan et ah, 1993). It is quite widely spread in... 

Yielding, K. Lemone, and Helene Sterglanz. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Binding to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 128 (1968) 1096-1098. 

The chemistry of tuberculinic acid (the nucleic acid of the tubercle bacillus) was investigated by Brown and Johnson. The acid was purified by conversion to the copper salt. Distillation with hydrochloric acid yielded small amounts of furfural, indicating the presence of only a trace of pentose in the residue. Levulinic acid was identified, and it was thought on this evidence that the sugar associated with the acid was a hexose. Tuberculinic acid is unique in that it does not contain uracil, has a low pentose content and contains an unusual pyrimidine derivative. The tuberculinic acid was considered to be more nearly related to deoxyribonucleic acid than to ribonucleic acid. ... 

Biologically, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the free energy of life processes, is itself an anion, bound by enzymes in order to perform its many metabolic functions. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is also a polyanion, its binding by proteins being of great importance in transcription and translation processes. Anion-binding biomimicry could therefore yield much information about fundamental biological processes. 

Le Floch and co-workers isolated ferrocene-containing polythiophenes for use in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection.230 The reaction between thiophene 160 and the functionalized ferrocene 161 gave the ferrocene functionalized polythiophene in a quantitative yield (Scheme 2.43). Polymerization in the presence of FeCl3 led to a water-soluble polymer containing a cationic side chain and an electroactive ferrocene moeity. These polymers showed a DNA detection limit of 5 X10-10M. 

Enzjonic hydrolysis of 2 -deoxyribonucleic acid with 2 -deoxyribonuclease and phosphodiesterase yields the 6 -phosphates of 2 -deoxyadenosine, 2 -deoxyguanosine, 2 -deoxycytidine, and th5onidine. The ion-exchange, chromatographic behavior of these four 2 -deoxynucleotides resembles that of the 5 -phosphates of ribonucleosides, rather than that of 3 -phos-phate (or 2 3 -cyclic phosphate) derivatives. Additionally, it was found that 5 -nucleotidase (which hydrolyzes ribonucleoside 5 -phosphates but... 

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