Tocopherols deodorization

Deodorization can be carried out ki batch, continuous, or semicontkiuous systems. Figure 4 shows a typical design for a semicontkiuous deodorizer. The heated ok is passed through a series of trays under vacuum. Steam is passed through the ok through a steam sparge ki the bottom of the tray. Volatiles are carried through the headspace and condensed. In addition to fatty acids and compounds responsible for odor, some tocopherols and sterols are also distilled kito the condensate. The amount of tocopherols distilled depends on deodorization temperature and vacuum. 

C Marks. Determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 65 1936-1939, 1988. 

Optimum Omega (Pharmanea.) Epa and Dha Fish Oils Marine lipid concentrate. Dsil pta tocopherol). and deodorized garlic oil ... 

Optimum CJmcga Miamuncx) kpj A Dha Fish Oils Marine lipid concentrate, O-Alpha Tocopherol j, and Deodorized Garlic Oil Sliell conpo iiion is not available ... 

Taking all of these concerns into consideration, in the present work, we propose a molecular distillation process for tocopherol (vitamin E) recovery using as a raw material the crude deodorizer distillate of soya oil (DDSO). The determination of several physical-chemical properties must be made through correlations and/or predictions, in order to have a better characterization of the system that will be studied. Then, the DISMOL simulator can be used to evaluate tocopherol recovery from crude DDSO, in order to determine the feasibility of the process and the best experimental conditions for the falling film molecular distillation. The simulator used was a DISMOL, which was developed by Batistella (12). Tocopherols need to present a low acidity level (< 2%) and purity according to their application (from 30 to 90%). The price varies according to this concentration. Squalene is tolerable in tocopherol concentration, but fatty acids must be eliminated during the process. 

The saponifiable portion of the fatty oil accounts for about 90% of the total fixed oil and is characterized by a very high content of octadecenoic acids. Petroselinic and oleic acid occur at similar levels and jointly comprise 74-85%, linoleic 7-16% and palmitic 4-8%, of the constituent fatty acids. During prolonged storage of the spice, the free fatty acid content gradually increases and this is a good indicator of the age of the material. The contents of fatty acids, sterols and total tocopherols in a deodorized oil derived from coriander seeds (yield up to 28%) are compared with those in sunflower oil and tests on the biological effects of coriander oil are reported by Mironova et al. (1991). Of the fatty acids present, total C18 1 acids (petroselinic acid + oleinic acids) constituted 80—82% and petroselinic acid alone 50—60%, and the food value was lower than that of sunflower oif. Kim et al. (1996) found the production of petroselinic acid from cell suspension cultures of C. Sativum. 

The flavour of cocoa butter is determined by both the geographical origin of the beans and the deodorization conditions. Deodorization reduces the levels of free fatty acids but also some antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols. Deodorized butters are therefore often blended with expressed cocoa butter for better stability of the product. 

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are precursors of vitamin E and are important antioxidants in oils. Their reactivity means that they are not stable to many oil processing procedures, including deodorization, which reduces levels by up to 15%. Levels of tocopherols in cocoa butter are usually about 100-300 mg/kg, with the y-isomer (IV) being the major component (about 90%), but they can be entirely absent (Lipp et al., 2001) (Figure 3.3). Tocotrienols have a similar structure with unsaturation of alternate bonds along the alkyl chain. Only y-tocotrienol is found in cocoa butter and this at low levels (< 5 mg/kg). Palm oil is notably high in tocopherols and tocotrienols, of which a-tocopherol and a-tocotrienol make up 20% to 30% each with most of the remainder as y-tocotrienol. 

Nagao, T., Kobayashi, T., Hirota, Y., Kitano, M., Kishimoto, N., Fujita, T., Watanabe, Y., and Shimada, Y. 2005. Improvement of a process for purification of tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 37, 56-62. 

Shimada, Y., Nakai, S., Suenaga, M., Sugihara, A., Kitano, M., and Tominaga, Y. 2000. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase. /. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77,1009-1013. 

The volatile peroxides, other oxidation decomposition products, and odiferous compounds form reduced-boiling point azeotropes with water in the steam, at high temperatures, 250-260°C/482-500°F, and very low absolute pressures ( 3 mbar). This is above the smoke point of soybean oil, but below the flash point, and oxygen must be excluded. Considerable heat bleaching of yellow-red carotenoids also occurs at this temperature. Typically the deodorization process requires 20-40 min after come-up time, uses 0.5-2.0 percent spaiged steam (the higher level if tocopherols are recovered), operates at between 2 and 4 mbar, and produces a product with about 0.03-0.05 percent FFA.143... 

The liquid used to scrub the vapors is previously condensed deodorizer distillate that is chilled, recycled, and drawn off as necessary to maintain a constant level in the scrubber. The condensate may entrap vapors of pesticides if they get this far in the refinery. Deodorizer distillate is rich in tocotrienols or tocopherols, some of which have vitamin E... 

Since alpha-tocopherol was an essential component of the Swoboda and Peers system (52) which yielded metallic/fIshy flavors, its structural role in the directing of the flavor was of Interest. Either alpha-tocopherol (670 ppm) or Trolox C (1000 ppm) were added to steam deodorized menhaden oils (2 h at 130°C, 4 mm Hg 32) and allowed to oxidize while exposed to air and protected from the light at 65 C. As observed In previous studies (54-56), the high level of alpha-tocopherol exhibited a prooxldant effect whereas Trolox C possessed a distinct antioxidant effect in oxidizing menhaden oils (57). 

Approximately 0.5% of crude coconut oil is not saponified by caustic treatment. The unsaponifiable matter consists mainly of tocopherols, sterols, squalene, color pigments, and carbohydrates. The odor and taste of coconut oil is largely due to 5- and y-lactones, which are present in trace quantities (24). Among the unsaponifi-ables, tocopherol contributes to the oxidative stability of crude coconut oil. A typical sample of crude coconut oil contained 55 ppm total tocopherols of which 40.7 ppm is cx-tocopherol (25). Most of the unsaponifiables are removed in the process of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing of crude coconut oil. 

Abbreviations nr—not reported TAG—triacylglycerols FFA—free fatty acids St —phytosterol fatty acyl esters St—free phytosterols FPE—phytosterol ferulate esters tocols-tocopherols and tocotrienols GL—glycolipids PL—phospholipids RBD—refined, bleached, and deodorized oil. 

Deodorization Remove volatiles and off-flavors Deodorizer distillate—a source of phytosterols and tocopherols... 

Temperature—Increases in temperature combine with decreases in pressure to accelerate deodorization. However, an excessive increase in temperature promotes polymerization, tranr-isomer development, excessive removal of tocopherols and sterols, color reversion, and the formation of odoriferous low-boiling products. 

Physical Refining. The by-product in the physical refining of crude palm oil is the pahn fatty acid distillate (PFAD). It is obtained as a condensate of the volatile matters carried over from the deodorizer by the action of the stripping steam. It consists of 80-90% of free fatty acid. It has often been used as a raw material for soap making, feed compounding, and oleochemical feedstock. An important and valuable constituent of PFAD is vitamin E in the form of tocopherols and... 

The deodorizer distillate, about 1% of deodorizer feed, contains tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols (Table 10). The tocols are shown in Table 11 and the sterols in Table 12. Its value is similar to other oil distillates. 

---