Dental implants implant materials

Lan, S.F., Kehinde, T., Zhang, X., Khajolia, S., Schmidtke, D.W., Starly, B., 2013. Controlled release of metronidazole from composite poly-epsilon-caprolactone/alginate (PC17 alginate) rings for dental implants. Dental Materials 29, 656—665. 

Therapeutic dental materials. Calcium phosphate materials. Dental implants. 

Requirements. Requirements for dental implant materials are the same as those for orthopedic uses. The first requirement is that the material used ia the implant must be biocompatible and not cause any adverse reaction ia the body. The material must be able to withstand the environment of the body, and not degrade and be unable to perform the iatended function. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F4 Committee on Medical Materials and Devices has developed specifications for chemical composition, mechanical properties, and other factors. Standard test methods also are available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia. The quaHty of castings is important for dental implants, and standards to define this would be useful. 

Various materials are used in dental prosthetic practice for the preparation of dental implants, crowns, and bridges. Some of these materials contain copper, which is added in order to improve mechanical or/and chemical properties, but some of them may contain the copper as an impurity. Considering the fact that dental implants remain in the oral cavity for a long time, and that they are exposed to the corrosive action of oral fluids and various kinds of food and beverages, it is necessary to check their possible harmful effects upon the human health. 

The major biological application of isotropic carbon is in heart valves. The material is performing well and several hundred thousand units have been produced so far. Other applications include dental implants, ear prostheses, and as a coating for in-dwelling catheters. 

Thomas J. Webster, Nanophase Ceramics The Future Orthopedic and Dental Implant Material Yu-Ming Lin, Mildred S. Dresselhaus, and Jackie Y. Ying, Fabrication, Structure, and Transport Properties if Nanowires... 

The first ever injectable crude biomaterial, that is a dental implant, appeared early in ad 6oo (Fig. 12.1). During those times, Mayan people trimmed seashells into artificial teeth to replace missing teeth (Michael, 2006 Ratner et al., 2004). Early biomaterials also led to problems, including sterilization, toxicity, inflammation, and immunological issues. Since the Mayan s initial use of artificial teeth, biomaterials have evolved to be used in modem artificial hearts, hip and knee pros-theses, artificial kidneys, and breast implants. Materials used in these applications include titanium, silicons, polyurethanes, teflon, polybiodegradable polymers, and most recently bio-nanomaterials (Pearce et al., 2007)... 

The concept of microfabrication on powder surfaces can be used in many industrial fields, e.g., in pigments, printing inks, paints, foods, pharmaceuticals, detergents, cosmetics, dental materials, implant materials, copy toners, ceramics, cements, electrorheological materials, and metallurgy, etc. (I). 

Although titanium has a large positive E° for oxidation, and T dust will burn in air, the bulk metal is remarkably immune to corrosion because its surface becomes coated with a thin, protective oxide film. Titanium objects are inert to seawater, nitric acid, hot aqueous NaOH, and even to aqueous chlorine gas. Titanium is therefore used in chemical plants, in desalination equipment, and in numerous other industrial processes that demand inert, noncorrosive materials. Because it is nontoxic and inert to body fluids, titanium is even used for manufacturing artificial joints and dental implants. 

NANOPHASE CERAMICS THE FUTURE ORTHOPEDIC AND DENTAL IMPLANT MATERIAL... 

V. Materials Currently Used as Orthopedic and Dental Implants... 

Traditional materials for orthopedic and dental applications have been selected based on their mechanical properties and ability to remain inert in vivo this selection process has provided materials that satisfied physiological loading conditions but did not duplicate the mechanical, chemical, and architectural properties of bone. Most importantly, to date, failure of conventional orthopedic and dental implant materials is often due to insufficient bonding to juxtaposed bone (that is, insufficient osseointegration). 

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