Density, theoretical maximum

The issue of the theoretical maximum storage capacity has been the subject of much debate. Parkyns and Quinn [20] concluded that for active carbons the maximum uptake at 3.5 MPa and 298 K would be 237 V/V. This was estimated from a large number of experimental methane isotherms measured on different carbons, and the relationship of these isotherms to the micropore volume of the corresponding adsorbent. Based on Lennard-Jones parameters [21], Dignum [5] calculated the maximum methane density in a pore at 298 K to be 270 mg/ml. Thus an adsorbent with 0.50 ml of micropore per ml could potentially adsorb 135 mg methane per ml, equivalent to about 205 V/ V, while a microporc volume of 0.60 mEml might store 243 V/V. Using sophisticated parallel slit... 

Table 34 shows that 86% of the theoretical maximum COP heat and 81% of the maximum thermal energy density were reached in the demonstration plant. 

Unit weight Theoretical maximum specific gravity and density... 

Mature phreatophyte trees (poplar, willow, cottonwood, aspen, ash, alder, eucalyptus, mesquite, bald cypress, birch, and river cedar) typically can transpire 3700 to 6167 m3 (3 to 5 acre-ft) of water per year. This is equivalent to about 2 to 3.8m3 (600 to 1000 gal) of water per tree per year for a mature species planted at a density of 600 trees per hectare (1500 trees per acre). Transpiration rates in the first two years would be somewhat less, about 0.75 m3 per tree per year (200 gal per tree per year), and hardwood trees would transpire about half the water of a phreatophyte. Two meters of water per year is a practical maximum for transpiration in a system with complete canopy coverage (a theoretical maximum would be 4 m/yr based on the solar energy supplied at latitude 40°N on a clear day). 

TNT, trinitrotoluene UN, urea nitrate TAdD, theoretical maximum density. 

AN, ammonium nitrate DMNB, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane 2,4-DNT EGDN, ethylene glycol dinitrate HMX, C4H8N8O8 NG, nitroglycerin NM PETN, pentaerythritol tetranitrate RDX, C3H6N6O6 TATP, triacetone triperoxide TNT, trinitrotoluene UN, urea nitrate TMD, theoretical maximum density. 

CMTICAI KUCINT THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DENSITY (lOOC )... 

Thus DpJ is the theoretical maximum or hydrodynamic value of the detonation velocity when the initial density and pressure are respectively pdetonation velocity for any other initial density and pressure p and p. respectively /3 is the increase in the hydro-dynamic detonation velocity for a tenfold increase in density or pressure... 

Group 2 explosives, which have to be below a certain critical density in order to detonate, do not, on the other hand, seem to detonate below about 50% of the theoretical maximum density. Detonation velocity vs density curves for two explosives of this type are given in Fig 3.6 on p 49 of Cook s (Ref 6). 

This study had as its original purpose to develop a simple method of intercomparing detonation properties of experimental C-H-N-0 high explosives. Such materials generally have crystal densities of 1.7-1.9 g/cc, and are most often used at high proportions of theoretical maximum density. For these explosives it was therefore considered a reasonable first approxima-... 

The VOD of an organic explosive is also a function of the energy produced by its decomposition and therefore, a relationship has been derived between detonation properties of an explosive and its chemical constitution. Similarly to Bernard [69, 70], Rothstein and Peterson [71] also postulated for a gamut of an ideal , H, N, type explosive, a simple empirical linear relationship (Equation 1.11) between VOD at theoretical maximum density (TMD) and a factor, F, which solely depends upon chemical constitution and structure. 

The density of explosive fillings contained in munitions should be as close as possible to the theoretical maximum density (TMD) of formulations, which is calculated from the crystal densities of ingredients of an explosive formulation, taking into account their relative proportions. The density of a formulation directly affects its performance as is shown by an empirical relationship (Equation 3.1) ... 

Aluminized expls exhibit a decrease in performance as their packing density approaches theoretical maximum density (TMD). This effect is more pronounced in compns of high A1 content. Table 9 (from Ref 17) shows equivalent weight ratios (WQd) and relative bubble energies (RBE) of two aluminized expls as a function of %TMD... 

Shock Sensitivity of RDX/Polyethylene Wax, pressed to 95.2% theoretical maximum density as a function of wax content... 

To separate isotopes by this process, they must be in the gaseous form. Therefore, the separation of isolopes of uranium required the conversion of die metallic uranium into a gaseous compound, for which purpose the hexafluoride. UF. was chosen. Since the atomic weight of fluorine is 19, die molecular weight of the hexafluoride of 235 LI is 235 + (6 19) = 349, and the molecular weight of die hexafluoride of 23SU is 238 + (6 x 19) = 352. Since the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to die square root of its density (mass per unit volume), the maximum separation factor for one diffusion process of the uranium isotopes is V352/349 = 1.0043, Since only part of the gas can be allowed to diffuse, the, actual separation factoi is even less dian this theoretical maximum. 

Without exception the shock sensitivity of any expl increases as its packing density is decreased. At one extreme we have expl single crystals (ie, expls at their theoretical maximum density, TMD) and at the other extreme expl... 

The present consideration is limited to the effect of mixture ratio upon performance as measured simply by specific impulse. Since maximum enthalpy of reaction and minimum product molecular weight will not occur at the same mixture ratio one would predict, priori that the optimum mixture ratio should fall between the mixture ratio of maximum enthalpy of reaction and the mixture ratio of lowest product density. The maximum enthalpy of reaction occurs at the stoichiometric mixture ratio, that ratio at which there is theoretically just sufficient oxidizer to completely oxidize the fuel elements. Any excess fuel or oxidizer essentially acts as a diluent. The maximum temperature thus should fall at the stoichiometric point. 

Static Charge Development. Static electrification of solids can occur in various ways. Different operations will produce the percentages of the theoretical maximum charge density shown in Fig. 3.7.33... 

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