Density of loading

As noted above (p. 36), the ammonium nitrate used for these explosives should be porous and should retain 7% of the oil without tendency to segregate on standing. A further requirement in modem practice is that the mixture, when blown into boreholes by compressed air, should break down to give a proportion of fine powder which increases both the density of loading and the sensitiveness of the mixture (see p. 141). 

At the C-J point, the pressure (p) and temp (T) are of the order of 200000 atm and 4000° C, respectively. For a plane detonation wave of infinite extent, p, T, a and D (deton velocity) have definite values for a given expl and depend principally on the physical and chemical properties of the unreacted expl and its deton products, as well as on the density of loading, p... 

Great power and brisance in relation to volume of explosive, which means great density of loading... 

Compressed moist Guncotton was not powerful and one of the reasons was its low density of loading (1.0 to 1.1) because there were many air spaces in the block. This was improved after A. Hollings patented a method of prepn giving compressed blocks with den-siry of 1.25. This method and its modification by G. Bell (1903) are described by Worden... 

Pressure kg/cm2 Density of loading Density of loading Rate of detonation in an iron pipe 27/34 mm dia. 

Nitroguanidine may be regarded as an explosive which is powerful, but difficult to detonate. This accounts for the considerable fall in the rate of detonation under increased density of loading. The diameter of loading also exerts a great influence on the rate of detonation, behaviour which is also characteristic of explosives which detonate with difficulty. An explosive of density 0.95 in a pipe of 20 mm inner diameter gave a rate of detonation of 4340 m/sec. 

According to Domanski and Mieszkis [73] the rate of detonation, at a density of loading of 0.93 in a paper tube 10 mm dia., is 5200 m/sec (under the same conditions the rate of detonation of penthrite was approximately 6000 m/sec). Cook [58] found the rate of detonation to be 5530 m/sec at a density of loading of 1.0. The substance is similar to tetryl in sensitiveness to impact. Its chemical stability is slightly less than that of tetryl. Its ignition temperature ranges from 165 to 170°C. 

Density of loading Kast [31] T. Urbanski and Galas [32] Laflitte and Parisot [33] Cook [34]... 

The densities of loading for mercury fulminate obtainable by applying different pressures are tabulated below ... 

The density of loading of the shothole (greater density facilitates ignition of methane or dust) ... 

The composition of the decomposition products of powder varies, depending on many factors, the most important of which is the pressure in the powder chamber and in the bore of the gun. The pressure, in turn, depends mainly upon the density of loading. Thus, for instance, the decomposition products obtained from the same powder vary according to the density of loading (Table 161) the amount of C02 and CH4 increasing, and that of CO and H2 decreasing as density increases. 

Diagrams (Fig. 184) show the effect of the density of loading of nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose powder upon the amount of C02, CO, H2 and CH4 evolved (according to Andrew Noble [19]) in the explosion products. 

The temperature of the explosion products of smokeless powder (flame temperature) is dependent on the density of loading, increasing as the density increases. This is illustrated by the diagram in Fig. 188. A particularly notable rise of tempera-... 

Rate of detonation. The rate of explosion of a liquid explosive may vary within wide limits. Thus, according to numerous experiments it has been established that for liquid nitroglycerine the order of the explosion rate is 1000-8000 m/sec. The detonation rate of solid nitroglycerine, on the other side, does not vary in this way. It amounts 8000 m/sec at the maximum density of loading. 

Although better use is made of the capacity of boiler, the high density of loading has an adverse effect on water circulation, thus making it necessary to prolong the period of stabilization boiling. 

Since brisance is approx proportional to detonation velocity, "force and density of loading,... 

Explosive Diam of Nipple inches Method of Loading Density of Loading Number of Trials % Unaf- fected % % Detonated ... 

As manuf of this cordeau was a rather difficult opn, attempts were made to prep it by the method of filling with NC a lead tube of 12 mm ID and then drawing out the tube to 4 mm ID. The resulting cordeau was not satisfactory because fibrous material, like NC,is very difficult to distribute uniformly thruout the tube and to obtn high density of loading... 

The term "Density of Loading (Densite de chargement in Fr) signifies the weight of a unit volume of an explosive when it is loaded in an item of ammunition, such a bomb, shell etc. In order to determine that the item is loaded at the proper density the following procedure may be used ... 

None of the nitrated naphthalenes is very sensitive to shock. a-Nitronaphthalene is not an explosive at all and cannot be detonated. Dinitronaphthalene begins to show a feeble capacity for explosion, and trinitronaphthalene stands between dinitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene in its explosive power. Tetranitro-naphthalene is about as powerful as TNT, and distinctly less sensitive to impact than that explosive. Vennin and Chesneau report that the nitrated naphthalenes, charged in a manometric bomb at a density of loading of 0.3, gave on firing the pressures indicated below.46... 

Resorcinol nitrates readily to the trinitro compound, yellow prisms from water or alcohol, m.p. 175.5°. Styphnic acid is more expensive and less powerful than picric acid. Liouville67 found that styphnic acid exploded in a manometric bomb, at a density of loading of 0.2, gave a pressure of 2260 kilos per sq. cm., whereas picric acid under the same conditions gave a pressure of 2350 kilos per sq. cm. It did not agglomerate to satisfactory pellets under a pressure of 3600 kilos per sq. cm. It is a fairly strong dibasic acid, and its salts are notably more violent explosives than the picrates. Lead styphnate has been used to facilitate the ignition of lead azide in detonators. 

At ordinary temperatures tetryl appears to be perfectly stable. Current methods of purification insure the absence of occluded acid. It is more powerful and more brisant than TNT and picric acid, though distinctly more sensitive to shock, and is probably the best of all the common explosives for use in boosters and reinforced detonators. Koehler97 reports pressures in the mano-metric bomb (density of loading = 0.3) and temperatures produced by the explosions, as follows ... 

This last induction is confirmed by observations on nitro-mannite, a crystalline solid which appears by reason of this circumstance better suited than liquid methyl nitrate for transmitting detonation. It has in fact given practically constant velocities of 7700 meters per second in lead tubes of 1.9 mm. internal diameter at a density of loading of 1.9. Likewise picric acid, also crystalline, 6500 meters per second.. . . ... 

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