Acid-site density

The mineral talc is extremely soft (Mohs hardness = 1), has good sHp, a density of 2.7 to 2.8 g/cm, and a refractive index of 1.58. It is relatively inert and nonreactive with conventional acids and bases. It is soluble in hydroduoric acid. Although it has a pH in water of 9.0 to 9.5, talc has Lewis acid sites on its surface and at elevated temperatures is a mild catalyst for oxidation, depolymerization, and cross-linking of polymers. 

Zeolites as cracking catalysts are characterized hy higher activity and better selectivity toward middle distillates than amorphous silica-alumina catalysts. This is attrihuted to a greater acid sites density and a higher adsorption power for the reactants on the catalyst surface. 

A conventional FCC unit can be an olefin machine with proper operating conditions and hardware. Catalysts with a low unit cell size and a high silica/alumina ratio favor olefins. Additionally, the addition of ZSM-5, with its lower acid site density and very high framework silica-alumina ratio, converts gasoline into olefins. A high reactor temperature and elimination of the post-riser residence time will also produce more olefins. Mechanical modification of the FCC riser for millisecond cracking has shown potential for maximizing olefin yield. 

Fig. 8). The Os result was explained on the basis of an interaction between the Bronsted acid sites and Fe + species. The same type of Interaction is believed to indirectly expand the s- ave function and to decrease the s-electron density at the 57pe nucleus, thus giving an Increase in 6 at the same "Si02/Al203 ratio" of 17. 

Of all the aluminas, y-alumina is the most used alumina, due to its high surface area and the high concentration of surface hydroxyl groups. 1 1-alumina is u.sed in i.somerization becau.se it has a higher density of acid sites at the surface. 

Elanany, M., Koyama, M., Kubo, M. el al. (2005) Periodic density functional investigation of Lewis acid sites in zeolites Relative strength order as revealed from NH3 adsorption, Appl. Surf. Sci., 246, 96. 

The results of the catalyst testing are shown in Table 3. The data listed in the table show, that on a per proton basis, catalyst A (based on 7% DVB) has higher activity as compared to resin materials, crosslinked with 12% DVB. This result is in accord with the finding by Petrus et al.,3 that at temperatures higher than 120 °C the hydration is under into particle diffusion limitation and as such, a more flexible polymeric matrix will provide better access to the acidic sites. On a dry weight basis, catalyst D showed the highest activity, which correlates well with the high acid site density found for this resin (Table 2). On a catalyst volume basis, catalyst A has the best performance characteristics followed by catalyst D. 

The density of Bronstcd and Lewis acid sites was determined by IR spectroscopy (Nicolet 710) of adsorbed pyridine, after desorption at 250°C, using the molar extinction coefficients previously obtained by Emeis [11]. The acid strength distribution of selected zeolites was studied by NH3-TPD in an Autochem 2910 Equipment (Micromeritics) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. First, NH3 was adsorbed at 175°C until saturation and then desorbed by increasing the temperature up to 800°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. 

The results collected in Table 2 show that the average activity is also dependent on the architectural system of channels. Thus, samples with close pore size, Ni and acid sites density, but with different topology showed very different catalytic behavior Ni-MCM-48 (with a 3D pore system) was more active than Ni-MCM-41 (with a ID pore system). In fact, the three-dimensional interconnecting mesopore system is very beneficial with respect to the molecular diffusion of heavy products in the pore channels. 

From Table 2 it can also be observed that the selectivity towards different hydrocarbon groups strongly depended on the acid properties of solids. Large amounts of C4 and C6 olefins were obtained for the mesoporous NiMCM-41 and NiMCM-48 catalysts with the lowest acid site concentration. In this case, a near Schulz-Flory-type product distribution (C4>C6>C8>Cio) was observed. The increase in acid site density (for the catalysts NiY, NiMCM-36, NiMCM-22) results in decrease of C 6/C8 ratio. These results are in agreement with the reaction network proposed in Scheme 1. 

It has been suggested that the reason for this difference is the different site density. According to this proposal, the large concentration of acid sites in synthetic faujasite (ca. 5 meq/g) favors the bimolecular disproportionation reaction relative to the monomolecular isomerization. By contrast, ZSM-5 has a low acid site concentration, typically less than 0.5 meq/g. 

A variation of this method was used to control the surface properties of aluminum oxide particles, particularly the surface density of Lewis acid sites. Instead of using a long-chain amine surfactant, the solution of aluminum alkoxide precursor was mixed with a small amine to convert the alkoxide dimer (or oligomer in general) into monomeric alkoxide-amine adduct. Controlled hydrolysis of this adduct produces an aluminum oxyhydroxide in which the surface A1 ions are coordinated to amine... 

Lewis acid sites have empty orbitals able to accept electron density from the occupied orbitals of a Lewis base, in parallel with back-donation from the catalyst to the empty anti-bonding orbitals of the base [33]. This interaction leads to the formation of an activated acid-base adduct. In the case of alkanes activation may proceed by hydride abstraction [38]. Y and Beta are good examples of zeolites with Lewis acidity, often quite significant for catalysis [39, 40]. 

Effect of Pore Size and Acid Site Density on Cracking... 

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