Demonstration projects applications

Projects in the CCT program demonstrated innovative applications for both wet and dry or seniidry FGD systems. The wet FGD systems, which use limestone as an absorber, have met or exceeded the 90 percent SO, removal efficiency required to meet air quality standards when burning high-sulfur coal. The di"y or semidry systems use lime and recycled fly ash as a sorbent to achieve the required removal. 

Setterwall, R, 2002. Advanced Thermal Energy Storage through Applications of Phase Change Materials and Chemical Reactions Feasibility Studies and Demonstration Projects, International Energy Agency (IEA), Annex 17. 

The demonstration project on thermochemical energy storage showed results in the heating and air-conditioning application with good correspondence with the theoretical calculated values. The operation control strategies have to be improved and simplified in the future. 

Even though climate change is perceived more and more as an urgent challenge, CCS has not been implemented apart from the few demonstration projects mentioned previously. Obviously, there are barriers to the application of C02 capture and storage present (at least at the time of writing this assessment). Important barriers are ... 

The above sections demonstrate that the dendrimer chemist meanwhile has recourse to an extensive range of possibilities for introducing specific functional units in one or more selected regions of the molecule (centre, periphery, interior branching scaffold) in order to customise dendrimers or dendrons for projected applications. It should, however, be borne in mind that the synthetic strategies for introduction of two or more different functional units (bifunctionalisation, multifunctionalisation) demand considerable synthetic effort as well as time and expense and their use is limited to certain dendrimers and dendrons, because special conditions have to be fulfilled (e.g. special end groups such as primary amino functions). 

Patents were filed by Babcock Wilcox [21-23] concerning the so-called SOx-NOx-Rox Box process, according to which, in line with Fig. 6b, contemporary SO2 and NOx removal (the former by adsorption on lime, the latter by catalytic reduction with ammonia) is accomplished by the use of catalytic filters, prepared as described in Section III. A schematic of the catalytic baghouse assembly is presented in Fig. 7. The results of the application of such technology to the treatment of a lab-scale atmospheric fluidized-bed coal boiler (capacity 0.5 MWe) were reported in Refs. 9 and 29. The achieved abatement efficiencies were 70-80% for SO2, 90% for NOx(NH3/NO ratio = 1 ammonia slippage = 10-15%), and 99% for particulate. Since March 1992 a 5-MWe demonstration project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and by the Ohio Coal Development Office,... 

This technology has been demonstrated at pilot scale by both organisations, however, it still has to be operated in demonstration scale applications to prove its reliability and economics, BTG will use the technology in a demonstration project (39), which is schedule to start operation by 2002. 

The various gasification applications for power and or heat are shown in Fig. 6 in terms of their market potential and overall technology reliability. Each of these applications will be discussed in the subsequent sections and the most advanced plants in each application will be presented in terms of their status and future prospects. It is of course beyond the scope of this overview to present all known activities, however, the most significant of these will be discussed as a means of presenting their achievements for the benefit of the other projects, which are still in the development stage. All demonstration projects had to overcome numerous teclinical and non-technical barriers as this is an emerging technology, however, many of these problems are common to all projects in the same application field and thus the projects still in the development face could learn from the experiences of the others. 

To encourage industry participation in this voluntary pilot project, the Agency has provided regulatory flexibility in the form of certain expedited reviews of PMNs. For purposes of this voluntary pilot project, EPA implemented a program leading to the opportunity for simultaneous submissions of Test Market Exemption applications and PMNs on chemical substances for which the submitter demonstrates the application and use of the P2 Framework or other scientifically acceptable hazard and exposure... 

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