Demographic patterns

The problem of plastic debris in the oceans will continue to grow in the future with more plastics being added each year into the ecosystem. Also, demographic patterns show preferential migration of human population to coastal regions. Already about half of the world s population live within 200 km of a coastline and that number will double by 2025 (Creel, 2003). The recreational use of beaches and the ocean (especially boating) is on the increase making it even more likely that plastics and other wastes will end up in the oceans. Once in water, plastics are dispersed in oceans worldwide plastic debris has even been detected in waters in Antarctica (Barnes et al., 2010). 

Connelly RR, Spirtas R, Myers MH, Percy CL, Fraumeni JF Jr (1987) Demographic patterns for mesothelioma in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 78 1053-1060... 

A number of methods and models have been used at sites to estimate potential risks from exposure to lead. One method is the use of prevalence data for estimating PbB levels. In this case, PbB measurements can be made at a site and extrapolated to other sites with similar environmental and demographic data. Limitations of this method include site-to-site variability with respect to, among other things, children s behavioral patterns, age, and bioavailability issues. Estimation of past exposures can be problematic because of redistribution of Pb out of the blood compartment since PbB is only an indicator of recent exposure (<90 days). 

When the project was started in 2002, European exposure factor data were scattered within numerous national and international institutions. ExpoFacts has created no new data, but instead compiled the existing data into one Internet database, where it can be easily found, screened, and downloaded from. Data were collected from the EU countries, candidate countries to EU, and EFTA countries. As a result, the ExpoFacts database contains data from 30 European countries. In addition to the population time use patterns and exposure route information, e.g., dietary statistics, the database contains socio-demographic and physiologic information to enable database use as a tool for population-wide exposure modeling and risk assessment. 

Fry D.M., C.K. Toone, S.M. Speich, and R.J. Peard (1987). Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls Demographic and toxicological considerations. Studies in Avian Biology 10 26-43. 

The importance of recognising the role of women is reinforced by Lockie et al. (see Chapter 11) who state that gender, not education or income, is the most important demographic factor influencing patterns of organic consumption, because women report purchasing organic foods more than men. 

Age Gender Nationality Additional demographic factors expenditure occupation education Accommodation used Activity participation Destination patterns Length of stay Trip purpose Distance travelled Travel party composition Seasonality/ travel time Travel arrangements independent package mixed Transport mode Cultural tourists heritage tourists ethnic tourists Nature oriented tourists wildlife tourists ecotourists Adventure tourists Educational tourists science tourists volunteers Theme park tourists Casino tourists Urban tourists Agricultural tourists wine tourists farm tourists Sex tourists romance tourists companionship tourists Business tourists conference tourists events tourists... 

A consideration of the traveller motivation, life-cycle and demographic links manifested in the self-drive transport choices can be developed in a similar way for the domestic, no children travellers. This group places a relatively greater importance on outstanding scenery and warm sunny weather, interesting small towns and villages, opportunities to visit family/friends and friendly local people. These results are consistent with the core-motives emphasis of the travel career pattern approach but in this context the motives find expression in activities. 

Temporal profile of human activity patterns Population demographics Human exposure factors... 

Model 101 allows the creation of smaller subsets of activity pattern data from larger sets. These subsets are based on selected demographic variables and estimate summaries of duration by location and by activity. Model 102 generates simulated location patterns (e.g. location distribution and duration) for any number of people, based on actual location patterns obtained from field studies, since the sample sizes for field studies are usually restricted by economic and logistic constraints. Outputs from Model 101 can be used as input to Model 102, and the simulated location patterns can be used as input by the two inhalation-exposure-related Models 107 aud 108. 

Under capitation, a fixed amount is paid to the PBM in advance (e.g., per member per month), based on past prescriphon utilizahon patterns, demographics, and other factors that ahempt to balance risk and reward for both the payer and the PBM. 

Geospatial Information System (GIS) with pre-loaded demographic and standardized data definitions for all frequently used sources of government information is a powerful tool for disaster research and nurses are ideally situated to use the tool because of their close relationship with communities. It may be impractical for a researcher from outside the local community to populate a GIS in advance since disasters do not follow a predictable pattern. However, a populated GIS that is utilized for community-based public health research could be designed during the prevention and preparedness phases of disaster planning. 

A recently published monograph (1) dealt with the relevance of sur-face chemistry and physics in the control of dental-deposit-mediated diseases, with the characteristics and nature of dental deposits, with their predilection for pathogenesis, with demographic and prevalence patterns of disorders associated with dental integuments, and with con-... 

Numerous interrelated factors contribute to the epidemic nature of STDs. Sociocultural, demographic, and economic factors, together with patterns of sexual behavior, host susceptibility to infection, changing properties of the cansative pathogens, disease transmission by asymptomatic individnals, and environmental factors, are important determinants of the freqnency and distribntion of STDs in the United States and worldwide. 

Miller MW, Conner MM (2005) Epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging mule deer spatial, temporal, and demographic influences on observed prevalence patterns. J Wildl Dis 41 275-290... 

A table, usually located in an appendix to a clinical safety subsection, is to list all deaths occurring while subjects/patients are on study, including deaths that occurred shortly following (e.g., within 30 days) treatment termination. Only deaths that are clearly disease-related as described in a clinical study protocol and are not related to the administration of a drug candidate can be excepted from this table. All deaths should be examined for any unexpected patterns between study treatment arms and further analyzed if unexplained differences are noted. Deaths are to be examined individually and analyzed on the basis of rates in individual clinical trials and appropriate pools of trials, considering both total mortality and cause-related deaths. Potential relationships of death to demographic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors should also be considered. 

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