Delayed phase

Release of SP from neurons in the AP, NTS and dorsal vagal motor nucleus may play a role in vomiting induced by cytotoxics. Based on the relative effectiveness of selective antagonists of 5-HT3 receptors and NKi receptors against acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced vomiting, it has been suggested that serotonin has a greater role in the acute phase whereas SP has the major role in the delayed phase. 

Substance P is a peptide neurotransmitter in the NK family whose preferred receptor is the NKj receptor. Substance P is believed to be the primary mediator of the delayed phase of CINV and one of two mediators of the acute phase of CINV. 

Prophylaxis of Acute Phase of CINV on Day Prophylaxis of Delayed Phase... 

Fig. 9. Ultrasound images of the liver before (left) and 10 min after Sonazoid administration (delayed phase, where ultrasound contrast is accumulated in the normal liver tissue, right). Copyright, 2001, L. Needleman, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Reprinted with permission from [66]...

Augments the antiemetic activity of the 5-HT3-receptor antagonist ondansetron and the corticosteroid dexamethasone and inhibits both the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced emesis... 

Carskadon MA, Vieira C, Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 1993 16(3) 258—262. 

The character of the isotherms for the polar molecules on natural montmorillonite in Figure 11.6 is quite different from that of the isotherms in Figure 11.5. The hysteresis now extends across the entire p/p° range and is associated with the expansion and contraction of the layer structure (Barrer, 1978). The interlayer sorption, which is a form of intercalation, can be treated from the standpoint of a delayed phase change (Barrer, 1989). 

The mechanism of action of sulfur mustard is multifaceted and complex, and has been reviewed in some detail by Papirmeister et al. (1991), Hurst and Smith (2008), and Smith et al. (2008). Efforts to understand the mechanisms of sulfur mustard toxicity are ongoing. Basically, sulfur mustard disrupts the interface of the epidermis and basement membrane causing blistering between the epidermis and dermis. Both immediate (immediate cell membrane damage) and delayed phases (secondary effects resulting from inflammatory responses, DNA damage, vascular leakage) have been described for sulfur mustard-induced dermal effects (Somani and Babu, 1989). Many of the toxic effects of sulfur mustard can be attributed to oxidative stress. 

In delayed-phase imaging, the signal increase in the liver parenchyma does not necessarily increase the conspicuity or detection of lesions because residual hepatocytes of a tumor of hepatocytic origin, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and focal nodular hyperplasia, may influence the contrast enhancement. Gd-BOPTA is effective for use with delayed-phase MRI to detect metastases [130]. In cirrhosis, liver functioning is impaired and the number of normal hepatocytes is reduced. The entry of Gd-BOPTA into cirrhotic hepatocytes decreases, but the accumulation in the liver increases due to reduced biliary excretion [131]. As a consequence, contrast enhancement is reduced and the window of acquisition is widened. The contrast enhancement of a cirrhotic liver is therefore different from that observed in normal liver parenchyma. 

Lim HW, Young L, Hagan M, Gigli 1. Delayed phase of hematoporphyrin-induced phototoxicity modulation by complement, leukocytes, and antihistamines. J Invest Dermatol 1985 84(2) 114-17. 

Delayed phase The delayed phase occurs when white blood cells infiltrate injured tissues to defend against infectious disease and foreign material. 

Arrhythmias are observed during the ischemic phase as well as at reperfusion in most of the animal models. In the first 2-10 min of ischemia, a burst of irregular ventricular tachycardia occurs but evolution to ventricular flbrillation is rare. These arrhythmias are mainly of a reentry nature. A second phase of arrhythmias is evident after 20-30 min of ischemia. The percentage of animals that show this delayed phase of arrhythmias is small and the evolution to ventricular flbrillation is more frequent and the animals can die. This phase is associated with a massive release of catecholamines, changes in calcium overload and an increase in extracellular potassium, reviewed by Carmeliet.55... 

The importance of FIPI is twofold. It can be used to promote phase inversion without changing the thermodynamics of the system to obtain a higher entropy state, or it is possible to delay phase inversion while reducing the system entropy. The characteristics of the microstructure formed (such as emulsion droplet size) are dependent on the type of microstructure and deformation (shear, extension, or combined), as well as the deformation rate. To maximize the fluid micro-structure/flow field interactions, the flow fleld must be uniform, which requires the application of the flow field over a small processing volume, which can be achieved by using MFCS mixers or CDDMs. 

Delayed phase - death of basal epidermal cells, generalized vascular leak, invasion by inflammatory cells. 

The delayed phase occurs when the injured tissue is infiltrated by white blood cells. White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are components found in the blood. They are also found in the spleen, the lymphatic system, and other tissues. They help defend the body against infectious disease and foreign material as part of the immune system. The three main types of leukocytes... 

The site of the injury becomes red, swollen, and warm and loses its normal function. This happens in two phases. The vascular phase is where blood vessels dilate and become permeable so fluid and white blood cells can leave the vessel. The delayed phase is where white blood cells infiltrate the tissue. 

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