Dekkera bruxellensis

Sugars have a protective effect on the heat resistance of yeasts and bacteria this is an important consideration at higher concentrations of sugar. Soft drinks are often nitrogen poor and thus the addition of fruit juice greatly enhances the potential for spoilage. Some yeasts, for example Dekkera bruxellensis, can use nitrate. Phosphate levels are often low, trace minerals satisfactory, particularly in haid water areas. Tire low pH value of soft drinks and fruit juices, pH 2.5-3.8 (Table 11.1), inhibits most bacteria, but leaves yeasts unaffected. In soft drinks... 

Grapes contain several hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids, which exist as free acids and esterified with tartaric acid. Saccha-romyces species can take up free acids to produce the corresponding vinyl phenol catalysed by hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase (phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase Padlp) (Fig 8D.11) (Chatonnet et al. 1992b Chatonnet et al. 1993 Edlin et al. 1995). Vinyl phenols are unstable and highly reactive. Dekkera bruxellensis is one of few wine microorganisms that can further reduce vinyl phenols to highly stable ethyl phenols in wine. Vinyl phenols can also react with anthocyanins to form vinyl derivatives, a reaction that is favoured by fermentation yeast having hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase activity (Morata et al. 2006). 

Dias, L., Rereira-da-Silva, S., Tavares, M., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., Loureiro, V. (2003b). Factors affecting the production of 4-ethylphenol by the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis in enological conditions. Food Microbiol., 20, 377-384. 

Volatile phenols originate from hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, or caffeic acid) by the action of hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase enzyme, which turn the hydroxycinnamics acid into vinylphe-nols (Albagnac, 1975 Grando et al., 1993). Then, these compounds are reduced to ethyl derivatives by vinylphenol reductase enzymes characteristic of species, such as Dekkera bruxellensis, Dekkera anomala, Pichia guillermondii, Candida versatilis, Candida halophila, and Candida mannitofaciens (Edlin et al., 1995 1998 Dias et al., 2003 Chatonnet et al., 1992 1995 1997 Dias et al., 2003), apart from very small quantities produced by some yeasts and lactic acid bacteria under peculiar growth conditions (Chatonnet et al., 1995 Barata et al., 2006 ... 

Curtin, C. D., Bomeman, A. R., Chambers, P. J., Pretorius, I. S. (2012). De-novo assembly and analysis of the heterozygous triploid genome of the wine spoilage yeast Dekkera bruxellensis AWR11499. PLoS One, 7(3), e33840. http //dx.doi.org/10.1371/joumal.pone.0033840. 

Phister, T. G., Mills, D. A. (2003). Real-time PCR assay for detection and enumeration of Dekkera bruxellensis in wine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69,... 

Piskur, J., Ling, Z., Marcet-Houben, M., Ishchuk, O. R, Aerts, A., LaButti, K., et al. (2012). The genome of wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis provides a tool to explore its food-related properties. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 157, 202-209. 

Godoyl, L., Darrido, D., Martinez, C., Saavedra, J., Combina, M., Ganga, M. A. (2009). Study of the coumarate decarboxylase and vinylphenol reductase activities of Dekkera bruxellensis (anamorph Brettanomyces bruxellensis) isolates. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 48, 452 57. http //dx.doi.Org/10.llll/j.1472-765X.2009.02556.x. 

Stender, H., C. Kurtzman, J.J. Hyldig-Nielsen, D. S0rensen, A. Broomer, K. Oliveira, H. Perry-O Keefe, A. Sage, B. Young, and J. Coull. 2001b. Identification of Dekkera bruxellensis (Brettanomyces) from wine by fluorescence in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 938-941. 

Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus mail, Lactobacillus hordei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis. Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum, Zygosaccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dekkera bruxellensis, Pichia fermentans (Hsieh, Wang, Chen, Huang, Chen, 2012)... 

Candida stellata Candida vini Candida famata Dekkera anomala Dekkera bruxellensis Hanseniaspora uvarum Metschnikowia pulcherrima Pichia anomala Pichia fermentans Pichia membranefaciens Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomycodes ludwigii Kluyveromyces thermolerens Schizosaccharomyces pombe Zygosaccharomyces bailii... 

---