Degassing industrial

Liquid Effluents. Recycling of acid, soda, and zinc have long been necessary economically, and the acid—soda reaction product, sodium sulfate, is extracted and sold into other sectors of the chemical industry. Acid recovery usually involves the degassing, filtering, and evaporative concentration of the spent acid leaving the spinning machines. Excess sodium sulfate is removed by crystallization and then dehydrated before sale. Traces of zinc that escape recovery are removable from the main Hquid effluent stream to the extent that practically all the zinc can now be retained in the process. 

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Large-scale ultrasonic irradiation is extant technology. Liquid processing rates of 200 liters/minute are routinely accessible from a variety of modular, in-line designs with acoustic power of several kW per unit (83). The industrial uses of these units include (1) degassing of liquids, (2) dispersion of solids into liquids, (3) emulsification of immiscible liquids, and (4) large-scale cell disruption (74). While these units are of limited use for most laboratory research, they are of potential importance in eventual industrial application of sonochemical reactions. 

The chemical and biological effects of ultrasound were first reported by Loomis more than 50 years ago (4). Within fifteen years of the Loomis papers, widespread industrial applications of ultrasound included welding, soldering, dispersion, emulsification, disinfection, refining, cleaning, extraction, flotation of minerals and the degassing of liquids (5),(6). The use of ultrasound within the chemical community, however, was sporadic. With the recent advent of inexpensive and reliable sources of ultrasound, there has been a resurgence of interest in the chemical applications of ultrasound. 

If a mechanical mixer is used, a "Zippy" style head (such as used in the fiberglass industry) has been found suitable. The speed of mixing is important, and the formation of a vortex must be prevented. Care must be taken with this style of mixer that air is not whipped in. If necessary, the mixture can be degassed for a short period at this time. 

Screw extruders are also used, however, to produce pelleted materials, either as a final product or for further processing, in the food, ceramics, chemical and other industries. Many orifices in a die plate form a multiplicity of extruded rods which are cut into pellets by rotary cutter blades. The extrusion operation is frequently the final step in a sequence of processes which may include binder/lubricant addition, mixing, heating, cooling or vacuum degassing. 

Another effect, "surface contamination", must also be taken into account This may arise from residual gas and small leaks in the vacuum system, but a further possible source should not be overlooked, namely the following Polymers are capable of entrapping appreciable amounts of gas in their free volume, and these molecules are released under the effect of vacuum and of particle bombardment. In the present experiments the polymers were deliberately not degassed before plasma treatment, as such a pretreatment would not likely be economical in an industrial plasma process. The released molecules, primarily air and water vapor, evidently can participate chemically during plasma treatment by intermixing with the feed gas molecules. 

Figure 1.4 Modular HPLC system, (a) Labelled mobile phase reservoir mobile phase is degassed and filtered, (b) Pump capable of delivering pulse-free flow at pressures up to 6000psi. (c) Injection valve in industrial applications an autosampler would normally be used, (d) Column often with dimensions 250 x 4.6 mm i.d. (e) Detector most popular means of detection is by UV absorbance. (0 Labelled waste mobile phase reservoir, (g) Int ator or PC-based data handling of signal from detector.

The partial demineralization of water by the dealkalization-degassing-softening route may be described as a combined cycle process meaning that two different regenerants are used. Dealkalization by itself is a single cycle process and is widely used to remove alkaline hardness from waters used for cooling, and in the beverage industries where uncontrolled alkaline hardness can deleteriously affect the quality of product. 

Similar dependencies are inherent in processes of ultrasonic degassing of the majority of industrial wrought aluminum alloys as well as aluminum alloys for shape casting. 

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