Deflator

The proflt-to-investmentratio (PIR) may be defined in many ways, and is most meaningful when deflated and discounted. On an undeflated and undiscounted basis, the PIR may be defined as the ratio of the cumulative cash surplus to the capital investment. This indicates the return on capital investment of the project, is simple to calculate, but does not reflect the timing of the income/investment in the project. 

Fiber cross sections are also deterrnined by the coagulation conditions or, in the case of dry spinning, by the solvent evaporation process. The skin that forms early in the solvent removal process may remain intact as the interior of the filament deflates from solvent removal. Wet spun fibers from organic solvents are often bean shaped, while those from inorganic solvent systems are often round. Dry spun fibers, such as Du Font s Odon, are... 

Another advantage of the membrane plate is its flexibiUty to cake thickness, ie, thinner cakes can be easily handled without loss of dryness. Cake release characteristics are also improved by deflation of the membrane prior to cake discharge. Alternating arrangements, in which the membrane plates and the normal recessed plates alternate, have been used to reduce cost. 

Cost Indices The value of money will change because of inflation and deflation. Hence cost data can be accurate only at the time when they are obtained and soon go out of date. Data from cost records of equipment and projects purchased in the past may be converted to present-day values by means of a cost index. The present cost of the item is found by multiplying the historical cost by the ratio of the present cost index divided oy the index applicable at the previous date. Ideally each cost item affected by inflation should be forecast separately. Labor costs, construction costs, raw-materials and energy prices, and product prices all change at different rates. Composite indices are derived by adding weighted fractions of the component indices. Most cost indices represent national averages, and local values may differ considerably. 

If multiple or closely spaced roots exist, both f and f may vanish near a root and therefore methods that depend on tangents will not work. Deflation of the polynomial P(x) produces, by factoring,... 

These are the traditional gas meter that incorporates diaphragms contained within a steel case. The diaphragms are alternately inflated and then deflated by the presence of the gas. The movement of the diaphragms is linked to valves that control the passage of gas into and out of the four measuring compartments. 

A balloon filled with nitrogen gas has a small leak. Another balloon filled with hydrogen gas has an identical leak. How much faster will the hydrogen balloon deflate ... 

Just as a known root of an algebraic equation can be divided out, and the equation reduced to one of lower order, so a known root and the vector belonging to it can be used to reduce the matrix to one of lower order whose roots are the yet unknown roots. In principle this can be continued until the matrix reduces to a scalar, which is the last remaining root. The process is known as deflation. Quite generally, in fact, let P be a matrix of, say, p linearly independent columns such that each column of AP is a linear combination of columns of P itself. In particular, this will be true if the columns of P are characteristic vectors. Then... 

Banachiewicz method, 67 characteristic roots, 67 characteristic vectors, 67 Cholesky method, 67 Danilevskii method, 74 deflation, 71 derogatory form, 73 "equations of motion, 418 Givens method, 75 Hessenberg form, 73 Hessenberg method, 75 Householder method, 75 Jacobi method, 71 Krylov method, 73 Lanczos form, 78 method of modification, 67 method of relaxation, 62 method of successive displacements,... 

C14-0038. Explain each of the following observations using constraints and dispersals (a) A puncture causes a tire to deflate, (b) An open bottle of perfume on a table eventually fills the room with the fragrance of the perfume. 

A key operation in the power algorithm is the calculation of the deflated cross-product matrix which is independent of the contribution by the first eigenvector. This is achieved by means of the instmction ... 

The geometrical equivalent of the deflation operation is a projection of a pattern of points into a subspace which is orthogonal to v,. If all elements of the residual... 

The MaxEnt method will always deflate deformation features by the (<80 ) ,1S corresponding to measurements error [39]. To obtain an empirical estimate of this intrinsic spread allowed by the noise, twenty noisy data sets were generated as in formula (31), and fitted with BUSTER using the fragment and NUP already described in the previous paragraph. 

Wind action affects soil formation in 3 ways (1) deflation, (2) abrasion and erosion, and (3) transport and accumulation (Verheye, 2006). 

Deflation is the process whereby soil particles are taken up by the wind and displaced at another location. The process is affected by wind speed, nature of the soil surface, and particle-size or aggregation status of the surface. 

The result in terms of soil formation is a loss of soil. In desert areas covered by physically weathered shallow soils, deflation removes mainly the fine and medium-sized particles - clay and silt first, the somewhat coarser sand afterwards - and leaves behind a desert pavement, variously called reg (Sahara), serir (Libya) ox gibber plains (Australia). 

In semi-arid areas, deflation is less important, except in places where the sparse vegetation is removed by Man. The intensification of deflation processes in these parts of the world can therefore, to a large extent, be attributed to Man. It has been estimated that between 20 and 50% of the soils in Iraq are impoverished in fine elements by wind action. In North China wind deflation has tremendously increased between 1975 and 1985. 

Wind transport. Wind-blown components are carried away over a more or less important distance as a function of wind velocity and particle size of the material. Wind speeds up till 6.5 m/sec transport dust and fine sand with a diameter of less than 0.25 mm sand grains up to 1 mm diameter are uplifted at wind speeds of 10 m/sec. At 20 m/sec also particles of 4-5 mm may be removed. Based on these physical laws, the transportation of coarse fragments, in casu the sand fraction, occurs over-relatively short distances from the deflation zones. These sand grains settle then in more or less continuous layers and either become progressively mixed with the underlying soil layers, or concentrate in dune formations. 

Though the process of wind action and transport of material is clearly recognized, it is difficult to measure its impact in the accumulation zones. Such measurements are most successful in the immediate neighborhood of the deflation zones where the thickness and volume of sand or loess deposits can easily be calculated. In the northern periphery of the Negev, aeolian deposits range from a few cm to several meters, which corresponds to an average accumulation of 10 to 100 mm/millennium since the Lower Pleistocene. 

Lobato s work19 makes at least four contributions. First, it seeks to quantify the demand for pharmaceuticals and argues that those variables that are employed in an attempt to approximate physical consumption, such as the number of prescriptions or packages, are not useful because they sum heterogeneous units. Monetary valuation presents the problem (considered below) of what price indexes are to be applied as deflators when studying the evolution of demand and expenditure over time. 

Rovira s proposals22 regarding drug price indexes are still relevant today. Lobato19 considers that the consumer price index (CPI) is not a suitable deflator for series of pharmaceutical expenditure (it leads to absurd conclusions real consumption would not have risen between 1969 and 1989). A deflator built on authorized price reviews leads to the opposite result, likewise illogical (the Social Security demand cannot have risen 12.5 times between 1969 and 1989). Consequently, the author constructs an ad hoc deflator which... 

While driving home from work, Sally runs over a nail causing a tire to start leaking. She estimates that her tire is leaking 1 pound per square inch (psi) every 20 seconds. Assuming that her tire leaks at a constant rate and her initial tire pressure was 36 psi, how long will it take her tire to completely deflate a. 1.8 minutes... 

The choice of the type of blowing agent to be used to manufacture the cellular product depends upon the service application of the product. Where rapid recovery from compressive forces are required then an open-cell product is necessary to allow rapid passage of air back into the deflated cell structure. 

Unlike crystals that are packed with identical unit cells in 3D space, aperiodic crystals lack such units. So far, aperiodic crystals include not only quasiperiodic crystals, but also crystals in which incommensurable modulations or intergrowth structures (or composites) occur [14], That is to say, quasiperiodicity is only one of the aperiodicities. So what is quasiperiodicity Simply speaking, a structure is classified to be quasiperiodic if it is aperiodic and exhibits self-similarity upon inflation and deflation by tau (x = 1.618, the golden mean). By this, one recognizes the fact that objects with perfect fivefold symmetry can exist in the 3D space however, no 3D space groups are available to build or to interpret such structures. 

A good example of how the energy release rate affects the consequences of an accident is a standard automobile tire. The compressed air within the tire contains energy. If the energy is released slowly through the nozzle, the tire is harmlessly deflated. If the tire ruptures suddenly and all the energy within the compressed tire releases rapidly, the result is a dangerous explosion. 

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