Definitions of various terms

For definitions of various terms, symbols and abbreviations used in this chapter, see Section VI (glossary). 

An introduction to the terms and tools used to express and evaluate epidemiological data are presented here. One might consult Appendix C for definitions of various terms in epidemiology. 

For brief definitions of various terms associated with carcinogenesis, refer to the glossary at the end of this entry. 

The principles of analysis as applied to actual experimental data and the definitions of various terms and concepts involved are discussed in detail elsewhere (2). 

Definition of various terms used in the Respiratory Protection Program... 

Suits and Bueche conclude their case-histories with a superb analysis of the sources, tactics and uses of applied research, and make the comment The case histories just summarised show, first of all, the futility of trying to label various elements of the research and development process as basic , applied or development . Given almost any definition of these terms, one can find variations or exceptions among the examples. ... 

Work To Date. From 1977-80, the most intensive and productive OECD activities focused upon Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) and the development of test guidelines and GLP s. Efforts also were devoted to the Step Sequence Group and, in particular, that body s efforts to develop a Minimum Pre-Marketing Set of Data (MPD). Technical and scientific work also progressed on the various hazard assessment issues and expert groups worked on recommendations concerning confidential data, definitions of key terms, and principles of information exchange. 

In order to prevent misunderstanding of the various terms used in this article, a brief definition of these terms appears to be desirable. 

The definition of the term fuze is given in Vol 4, p D879-L under Introduction and definitions of various types of fuzes are given under the "List of Fuzes , pp D879-L to D884-R... 

There are two codes addressing buildings of particular interest NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Properties—Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship126 and NFPA 914 (Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures).127 NFPA 909 and NFPA 914 include definitions for various terms, which are important to understand what the codes intend ... 

General Theory. In addition to the work already quoted, a few papers considering various aspects of the general theory of polarizabilities are also included. We mention the efforts to consider the effects of the polarizability of relatively crude models (such as metallic spheres) [101, 103]. The tensor representations of molecular polarizabilities have been carefully discussed [84, 141, 362]. More general procedures applicable to a variety of systems (including big molecules and molecular complexes) that are often based on classical electrostatics have been proposed [4, 21, 118, 119, 127, 135, 136]. Various books and articles are concerned with the definition of the terms in common use [12, 13, 20, 91, 109]. Other articles deal with relevant general properties of matter [22, 113] and molecules in electric and magnetic fields [31,239], triplet polarizabilities [10,61, 102,126,208], and the calculations of polarizabilities of molecules in the liquid. 

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, besides appointing the Commission for the Reform of the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry also created a Commission for the Reform of the Nomenclature of Biochemistry. The latter commission worked quite independently for several years under the chairmanship of Professor Bertrand and compiled rules for the naming of various groups of organic compounds, for which the names glucides, lipides, and protides were coined. The rules in question and the definitions of the terms just mentioned are unsatisfactory from many points of view. 

Various definitions of the term catalyst can be categorized into those that require the regeneration of the promoting species, and those that do not. Usage of definitions that fall into either category can be found [e.g., Leuthardt (27) Laidler (28)]. Some of the actions of thermal polyamino acids have been proven, by various criteria, to be catalytic in the... 

In contrast to statistical mechanics, the theory is not concerned with "states" that describe outcomes of measurements performed on an ergodlc system over long periods of time, or with "states" that describe the subjective knowledge of an observer possessing only partial information about the "actual state" of a system, or with any other type of "state" that does not correspond to identically prepared replicas of a system as defined later. These distinctions among the various definitions of the term state are motivated by important physical considerations that will be touched upon later. 

The conceptual and mathematical bases of these concepts were outlined in chapter 5 (section 5.5 4). We saw that unlike, say, frequencies and dipole moments, charges and bond orders cannot even in principle be measured experimentally as physicists say, they are not observables. Thus there are no right values to calculate, and in fact no single, correct, definitions of these terms, since as with ab initio calculations, SE charges and bond orders can be defined in various ways. The concepts are nevertheless useful, and electrostatic potential charges and Lowdin bond orders are preferred nowadays to the Mulliken parameters. 

The so-caUed hardness of water is sometimes mentioned in connection with calcium and magnesium contents, but it is not unambiguously defined in the literature as it is based on either technology or analysis. As the term hardness does not correspond to the actual behaviour of water ( hard water = ice) and because there are difficulties with the exact definition of various types of hardness, this term is gradually disappearing from the literature on hydrochemistry. 

Corrosion on the internal wall of a natural gas pipeline can occur when the pipe wall is exposed to water and contaminants in the gas, such as H2S, CO2, or chlorides. The nature and extent of corrosion damage are the function of the concentration of various corrosive constituents within the pipe as well as of the operating conditions of the pipeline. For example, gas velocity and temperature in the pipeline play a significant role in determining the corrosion damage and its location. In other words, a particular gas composition may cause corrosion under some operating conditions but not others. Therefore, it would be difficult to develop a precise definition of the term corrosive gas that would be universally applicable under all operating conditions. 

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