Standards and definitions

In the United States, chocolate and cocoa are standardized by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration under the Federal Food, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act. The current definitions and standards resulted from prolonged discussions between the U.S. chocolate industry and the Food and Dmg Administration (FDA). The definitions and standards originally pubUshed in the of December 6, 1944, have been revised only slightly. 

U.S. definitions and standards for chocolate are quite specific (19). Sweet chocolate must contain at least 15% chocolate Hquor by weight and must be sweetened with sucrose or mixtures of sucrose, dextrose, and com symp soflds ia specific ratios. Semisweet chocolate and bittersweet chocolate, though often referred to as sweet chocolate, must contain a minimum of 35% chocolate Hquor. The three products, sweet chocolate, semisweet chocolate, and bittersweet chocolate, are often simply called chocolate or dark chocolate to distinguish them from milk chocolate. Table 6 gives some typical formulations for sweet chocolates (5). 

Static performance measurements related to positioner/ac tuator operation are conformity, measured accuracy, hysteresis, dead baud, repeatability, and locked stem-pressure gain. Definitions and standardized test procedures for determining these measurements can be found in ISA-S75.13-1989, Method of Evaluating the Performance of Positioners with Analog Input Signals and Pneumatic Output . 

Military Standard (Mil Std). An authoritative USA Dept of Defense publication setting forth uniform procedures, definitions and standards for mandatory use thruout the Depts of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. See Military Specification for distribution source Ref OrdTechTerm (1962), 192-R... 

E1 The Extent of Population Exposure to Assess Clinical Safety for Drugs Intended for Long-Term Treatment of Non-Life Threatening Conditions E2A Clinical Safety Data Management Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting... 

E2D Post-Approval Safety Data Management Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting... 

Just as there is an adverse event form, there is usually a serious adverse event (SAE) form. Note here that serious as defined by the FDA is different from severe on the adverse event form. A patient can have a severe headache that may not be considered serious. The ICH guideline (also in ICH E3) entitled Clinical Safety Data Management Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting defines serious adverse events as follows ... 

Z l-S-f Syly. Using these definitions and standard notation for rf pulses we obtain the Hamiltonians... 

The extent of population exposure to assess clinical safety Clinical safety data management Definitions and standards for expedited reporting... 

The assessment and quantification of the remaining reserves and resources of fossil fuels is a very complex and broad field, characterised by a lack of internationally harmonised definitions and standards, great data uncertainties and discrepancies and, consequently, the potential danger of data abuse for political purposes. Within the scope of this publication, only an overview of the range of the currently available estimates of fossil resources is provided and the focus is rather on the general discussion of potential sources of uncertainty, than on a detailed assessment of the different methodological and statistical approaches and discrepancies at country or even field level. 

The standard potential of equation 8.176 is = 1.228 V. At standard state, the activity of gaseous oxygen is 1 by definition, and standard potential thus refers to H2O in equilibrium with an atmosphere of pure O2 at T = 25 °C and P = bar. Applying the Nernst and Faraday relations to equation 8.176 and transforming natural logarithms into base 10 logarithms, we obtain... 

Definitions and standards of organic farming in relation to environment and resource use... 

International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Topic 2 A Note for Guidance on Clinical Safety Data Management Definitions and Standards for Expedited Teporting, CPMPIICHI377I95. London European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 1994. 

Specification (M2)], ICH/287/95 [Guidance on Clinical Safety Data Management Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports (E2B)], ICH/288/95 [Guidance on Clinical Safety Data Management Periodic Safety Update Reports for Marketed Drugs (E2C)], and ICH/377/95 [Clinical Safety Data Management Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting (E2A)]. 

Federal definitions and standards of identity for the various kinds and groups of cheeses, issued by the Food and Drug Administration (1984), require that if the milk used is not pasteurized, the cheese must be cured for not less than 60 days at a temperature not lower than 1.67°C. These conditions allow any pathogens that might be present to die or become inactive during storage. 

How large is the job market for chemists in the United States The National Science Foundation (NSF) has compiled data on the number of chemists employed in the chemical industry in general and the number employed in the pharmaceutical industry specifically. The former number has ranged from 80,000 to 90,000, and the latter from 35,000 to 50,000. However, these data are difficult to analyze because the definitions and standards used by the government have changed over the years. 

Anonymous, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319 — Definitions and Standards of Identity or Composition, Chapter III — Food Safety and Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Title 9 — Animals and Animal Products, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (2003). Available http //www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/wai-sidx 03/9cfr3319 03.html. 

ICH E2 (1994) described clinical safety data management. The now familiar definitions and standards for expedited reporting of individual adverse events when serious, unexpected and treatment associated are the result of ICH E2 (and the regulatory transcriptions, e.g. 21CFR312.32). 

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