Definitions and criteria

Irrespective of how the values m have been fixed, we call the y-th variable measured if j e J, unmeasured if j e in (3.2.1). Then an unmeasured y-th variable is called observable if, whenever there exists a solution to the system (3.2.1), the y-th component mj is uniquely determined by the measured values thus if m] is the y-th component of any other solution, we have AUj = m]. A measured y-th variable is called redundant if, whatever be the measured vector m such that the system (3.2.1) has a solution, the remaining components (say) where i j determine uniquely m thus if m is another measured vector such that the system is solvable and if for all i y, we 

Using the result following after Eq.(3.2.7) we see immediatly that  

The j-th unmeasured variable is observable if and only if arc j does not lie in any circuit of subgraph G°. 

Recall that G° is the subgraph of G restricted to unmeasured streams (arcs), G° its A -th connected component, K the number of components that are 

Clearly, we thus have also the following special result. 

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Article II DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA For the purposes of this Convention ... 

CIOMS. Standardisation of definitions and criteria of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions -drug-induced cytopenia. Int J Clin Pharmacol Tker Toxicol 1991 29 75-81. 

Numerous definitions and criteria of quality have been published (JL, jD and in some areas, e.g. Florida, wide ranging guidelines have been adopted and laws enacted for the sole purpose of maintaining quality levels. Extensive advances have been made in quality control or quality assurance programs (8) yet many difficult and complex problems remain as intrinsic components of the industry. Thus as the impetus for quality improvement has evolved, it has become a widely recognized fact that certain technological advances were required before qualitative progress could be realized. 

The definitions and criteria that determine whether a chemical falls within the scope of the CWC or not, leaves a large number of chemicals in the gray area. One example of a group of chemicals that are excluded from the OCAD on the basis of purposes not prohibited under this Convention , is given by the Riot Control Agents . There are other examples, which need to be addressed in the future to determine how they can be regulated by the CWC as these have been seen to be very useful in the verification activities of the OPCW. Efforts are underway to find a way for the inclusion in the OCAD, of chemicals that are relevant to the CWC but are not covered by the schedule list (Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) and Validation Group (VG)). 

Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (2014) Issues raised by the accession of Syria to the Chemical Weapons Convention. In Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (eds) The Chemical Weapons Convention—a commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 689 Krutzsch W, Trapp R (2014) Article II definitions and criteria In Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (eds) The Chemical Weapons Convention—a commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 73 Kurzidem T (1998) Challenge inspections and investigations of alleged use. In Bothe M, Ronzitti N, Rosas A (eds) The new Chemical Weapons Convention— implementation and prospects. Kluwer, The Hague, p 249... 

These deficiencies and the need for holistic evaluation to determine whether a safety culture has been achieved are emphasized in major reports at notes 14 and 15 supra in particular. But the term safety culture is ambiguous and requires definition and criteria to be useful, as discussed in M. Baram and M. Schoebel, Safety Culture and Behavioral Change at the Workplace, Safety Science, v. 45, n. 6 (July 2007). 

Lieberman P. Definition and criteria for the diagnoses of anaphylaxis. In Castells MC, editor. Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions. New York, NY Humana ... 

Schleyer and Jiao [11] start their review on aromaticity by listing selected milestones that considered definitions and criteria for characterizing aromaticity the following ... 

What is aromaticity This fundamental and widely used chemical concept is nevertheless one of the most controversial concepts in modem chemistry . Many definitions and criteria for characterizing and estimating the degree of aromaticity have been considered, and they are discussed extensively and critically in a recently published comprehensive book by Minkin and coworkers . Schleyer and Jiao have recently emphasized the importance of magnetic properties for estimating aromaticity. We will summarize here briefly the most widely used computational criteria for estimating the degree of aromaticity whilst the reader is referred to References 13, 14 and 16 and the papers cited therein for a more comprehensive discussion. 

Chemical Weapons Convention Article II, Definitions and Criteria... 

Article II covers definitions and criteria . The term chemical weapons is to apply to toxic, lethal, super-toxic and harmful chemicals including key precursors, except where they are intended for purposes not prohibited by the Convention as long as the types and quantities involved are consistent with such purposes . It also embraces munitions and devices specifically designed to cause death or other harm by releasing toxic chemicals. Further work remains to be done on this article to cover the position of riot control agents, chemicals which, although not toxic in themselves, could be used to increase the effect of chemical munitions, and the definitions relating to binary munitions. 

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