Deception

One of the major contemporary chemical controversies in which I was inadvertently involved developed in the 1950s, surprisingly over the structnre of a deceptively simple seven carbon-containing bicyclic carbocation, the 2-norbornyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl) cation. The in-... 

Molecular mechanics calculations are deceptively simple to perform. Many software packages now make molecular mechanics as easy as specifying a molecular structure and saying go, at which point the calculation will run and very soon give a result. The dilhculty is in knowing which results to trust. 

Strike has also been poking around the DEA and is getting the distinct impression that they will very soon reschedule sassafras oil as schedule I. Then one won t be able to get it at all without a permit or some serious deception. 

We begin this section with a deceptively simple question. What is analytical chemistry Like all fields of chemistry, analytical chemistry is too broad and active a discipline for us to easily or completely define in an introductory textbook. Instead, we will try to say a little about what analytical chemistry is, as well as a little about what analytical chemistry is not. 

Having noted that each field of chemistry brings a unique perspective to the study of chemistry, we now ask a second deceptively simple question. What is the analytical perspective Many analytical chemists describe this perspective as an analytical approach to solving problems. Although there are probably as many descriptions of the analytical approach as there are analytical chemists, it is convenient for our purposes to treat it as a five-step process ... 

M. Jones, ed.. Fake The Art of Deception, British Museum PubHcations, London, 1989. 

Drilling diamonds using a focused laser beam to bum out dark inclusions or make the inclusions accessible to a chemical treatment is a frequent enhancement. In a potential deception, a cubic zirconia diamond imitation was laser drilled to make it more convincing (15). 

Although the continuous casting of steel appears deceptively simple in principle, many difficulties are inherent to the process. When molten steel comes into contact with a water-cooled mold, a thin soHd skin forms on the wall (Eig. 10). However, because of the physical characteristics of steel, and because thermal contraction causes the skin to separate from the mold wall shortly after solidification, the rate of heat abstraction from the casting is low enough that molten steel persists within the interior of the section for some distance below the bottom of the mold. The thickness of the skin increases because the action of the water sprays as the casting moves downward and, eventually, the whole section solidifies. 

Sieving Methods and Classification Sieving is probably the most frequently used and abused method of analysis because the equipment, an ytical procedure, and basic concepts are deceptively simple. In sieving, the particles are presented to equal-size apertures that constitute a series of go-no-go gauges. Sieve analysis presents three major difficulties (1) with woven-wire sieves, the weaving process produces three-dimensional apertures with considerable tolerances, particularly for fine-woven mesh (2) the mesh is easily damaged in use (3) the particles must be efficiently presented to the sieve apertures. 

Molecular Weight Cutoff The best-known method for characterizing UF membranes is molecular weight cutoff. Unfortunately, it is widely misunderstood and has been the source of much error. The concept of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) is powerful and deceptively simple. Ultrafilters retain soluble molecules, so their retention is... 

The condition of the test metal is important. Clean metal samples with uniform finishes are preferred. The accelerating effects of surface defects lead to deceptive results in samples. The ratio of the area of a defect to the total surface area of the metal is much higlier in a sample than in any metal in service. This is an indication of the inaccuracy of tests made on metals with improper finishes. The sample metal should have the same type of heat treatment as the metal to be used in service. Different heat treatments have different effects on corrosion. Heat treatment may improve or reduce the corrosion resistance of a metal in an unpredictable manner. For the purpose of selectivity, a metal stress corrosion test may be performed. General trends of the performance of a material can be obtained from such tests however, it is difficult to reproduce the stress that actually will occur during service. 

Betm, vu fraud, deception, betriigen, v.t. cheat, defraud, dupe. 

Tausch, m. exchange barter tauschen, v.t. t. exchange barter. tMuschen, v.t. deceive, delude, cheat. Tauschung,/. illusion delusion, deception. Tausch-wert, m. exchange value, market value. 

Trug, m. deception, fraud, -bild, n. phantom, illusion. 

Avoid deceptive acts in the solicitation of professional employment. 

Displaying no obvious hints as to the truly extraordinary behavioral complexity which dramatically emerges from it, the Game-of-Life is deceptively simple to state. Calling cells with value cr = 1, alive, and those with cr = 0, dead, the following defiuition makes obvious Life s relation to real population growth and decay. 

As we shall immediately, this algebraic formalism is deceptively deep a great deal can be deduced from first principles alone. For example, we can easily prove the following characterization of Garden-ot -Eden configurations ... 

A large class of reaction-diffusion reactions may be expressed by the (deceptively simple) equation... 

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