Decadal Scale Changes

FIGURE 5.13 Gaussian band pass filtered WIBIX series describing fluctuations in the energetic level of quasi-cycles with periods between 8.2 and 15 years modified from Hagen (2006) the used filter is discussed in more detail by Schonwiese (2000). 

FIGURE 5.15 Cumulative, standardized (mean = 0, STD = 1) series of the winter (IFM) frequency of weather types with dominating meridional circulation (MC, dots) producing north winds over West Europe (1891-1968) from data of Girs (1971) and that of the WIBIX (open circles) note the negative (positive) trend in the MC (WIBIX) during the maritime climate mode (1903-1939) identified in Fig. 5.14. 

Following Zhang and McPhaden (1995), the important contribution of latent heat fluxes increases with the increase in sea surface temperature (SST). This holds true for moderate ranges in the SST, the wind speed, and the humidity difference between the surface air and the saturation humidity observed at the sea surface of the North Atlantic. This means, however, that latent heat fluxes and associated fluctuations in air temperature should be roughly in 

FIGURE 5.16 Seven years running means of detrended, standardized series [mean = 0, STD = 1, given in standard deviations (STD)] of the WIBIX (bold line), the winter frequency (JFM) of eastward traveling cyclones with core pressures lower than 950 hPa (FEC, thin line) over the North Atlantic-European sector (30-90°N, 60 W-60 E) compiled by Schinke (1993), and the averaged sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA, broken line) in the area between 47.5 82.5 N and 22.5 W- 47.5 E the SSTA series results from the well-known Kaplan series, (NOAA, 2006c). 

FIGURE 5.17 Pearson correlation coefficient (R) between the WIBIX and 360° zonally averaged winter anomalies (JFM) in the air temperature derived from (WCP, 1987) for slices of five degrees between 15°N and 85°N during of the last continental climate mode (1951-1986) vertical hues mark the 95% confidence level (/-distribution) while the box indicates the averaged belt of the planetary frontal zone with imbedded westerlies note the increasing poleward correlation due to the increasing effect of the AO. 

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Ulery A. L., Graham R. C., Chadwick O. A., and Wood H. B. (1995) Decade-scale changes of soil carbon, nitrogen and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine. Geoderma 65(1-2), 121-134. 

Sinnhuber, B.-M., P. von der Gathen, M. Sinnhuber, M. Rex, G. Konig-Langlo and S. J. Oltmans (2006) Large decadal scale changes of polar ozone suggest solar influence. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 1835-1841... 

Characterization of materials in the solid state, often loosely referred to as materials characterization, can be a vast and diverse field encompassing many techniques [1-3]. In the last few decades, revolutionary changes in electronic instrumentation have increased the use of highly effective automated instruments for obtaining analytical information on the composition, chemistry, surface, and internal structures of solids at micrometer and nanometer scales. These techniques are based on various underlying principles and cannot be put under one discipline or umbrella. Therefore, it is important first to define the scope of techniques that can be covered in one chapter. 

Zhang R.-H., Rothstein L. M., and Busalacchi A. J. (1998) Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino change in decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature 391, 879-883. 

Recent literature on forest response to future climate change emphasizes dispersal limitations (Pitelka et al., 1997 Clark et al., 1998). The review I have presented here suggests that natural dispersal is unlikely to accomplish adaptation to future climate. Competition and stand dynamics are much more important constraints on the decadal scale we need to consider if greenhouse gases continue to accumulate at present rates. 

Probably the most important development of the past decade was the introduction by Brown and co-workers of a set of substituent constants,ct+, derived from the solvolysis of cumyl chlorides and presumably applicable to reaction series in which a delocalization of a positive charge from the reaction site into the aromatic nucleus is important in the transition state or, in other words, where the importance of resonance structures placing a positive charge on the substituent - -M effect) changes substantially between the initial and transition (or final) states. These ct+-values have found wide application, not only in the particular side-chain reactions for which they were designed, but equally in electrophilic nuclear substitution reactions. Although such a scale was first proposed by Pearson et al. under the label of and by Deno et Brown s systematic work made the scale definitive. 

It seems unlikely that feedbacks due to species replacement have begun since the beginning of the Mauna Loa record because compositional changes due to climate change will take decades and have not yet been documented on a wide scale. However, this fact increases the importance of such feedbacks to future trends in atmospheric CO2 when these feedbacks become important it is highly unlikely that positive and negative feedbacks will exactly cancel each other and more likely that one or the other will prevail and cause deviations from current trends in atmospheric CO2. 

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