Dean reduction

Hong Zhang, Jesse Cook, Jeffrey Nickel, Rosie Yu, Kimberley Stecker, Kathleen Myers and Nicholas M. Dean, Reduction of liver Fas expression by an antisense oligonucleotide protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nature Biotechnology, 18 (2000), 862-867. 

Complete automation with computer control and on-line data evaluation and reduction is also possible (Dean and Angelo 1971, Gregory and Young 1979, Larmon et al 1981.)... 

EE) R. Vincent E.L. Clark, Shaped Charge Liner Studies Using Various Materials , DRD-444 (1973) (ConO FF) R.C. Dean B.E. Craddock, Hard Structure Munition-Phase IIC , GER-15945 (1973) (ConO GG) C.R. Hoggatt, E,S. Grubin W.H, Snyder, Performance of Testing Services on High Explosive Devices and the Reduction of Accumulated Data , DRI-4782-7309-F (1973) (ConO HH) D.R. 

By heating 2-benzyloxycyclohexanone 208 and (R)-l-phenylethylamine in refluxing toluene for 4 days in a Dean-Stark apparatus, the imine 209 was formed, then a rearrangement occurred to give first the a-aminocyclohexanone derivative 210 and finally the Q, o -disubstituted imine 211 with moderate diastereoselectivity. Reduction of this imine with sodium borohydride gave a mixture of two trans diamines (S,S)-212 and (R,R)-212, which were separated by chromatography. The enantiomers of 1-benzyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes 213 were then obtained by hydrogenolysis [99] (Scheme 31). 

J.M. Deane, Data reduction using principal components analysis. In Multivariate Pattern Recognition in Chemometrics, R. Brereton (Ed.). Chapter 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 125-165. 

Olson, H., Fabian, R., Greener, Y., Pack, F., Zelinger, D. and Dean, J. (1990). Reduction in animals used for acute toxicity testing based on retrospective analysis. Toxicologist 141 (abstract). 

Finally, the medium-term preference for dean over green is reinforced by cost considerations. We have shown that hydrogen produced from green electricity will only become affordable once major cost reductions in both green electricity and electrolyzer cost have been accomplished. Only biomass may - in specific regions - offer earlier opportunities for green hydrogen . 

J. Jordan D. R. Lide and J. A. Dean. The potential for a half-reaction, E° or E, may be thought of as the driving force for the electron or electrons in the reaction. The horizontal line at —2.71 v represents this reduction halfreaction. In the region below this line, at E° values more negative than —2.71 v, the half-reaction proceeds to the right such that the predominant species is Na(s). In the region above this line, at E° values more positive than —2.71 v, the reaction proceeds to the left. As a result, in the region above this line the predominant species is Na+(aq). 

The most common method of converting iron ore to metallic iron utilizes a blast furnace wherein the material is melted to form hot metal (pig iron). Approximately 96% of the world s iron is produced this way (see Iron). However, in the blast furnace process energy costs are relatively high, pollution problems of associated equipment are quite severe, and capital investment requirements are often prohibitively expensive. In comparison to the blast furnace method, direct reduction permits a wider choice of fuels, is environmentally dean, and requires a much lower capital investment. 

Another example of a photoredox molecular switch is based on a ferrocene-ruthenium trisbipyridyl conjugate, in which the luminescent form 4 switches to the non-luminescent form 5 upon electrochemical oxidation (Figure 2/bottom)171. Biological systems exploit the interplay of redox and molecular recognition to regulate a wide variety of processes and transformations. In an attempt to mimic such redox systems, Deans et al. have reported a three-component, two-pole molecular switch, in which noncovalent molecular recognition can be controlled electrochemically. x Willner et al. have reported on their research activities in developing novel means to achieve reversible photostimulation of the activities of biomaterials (see Chapter 6).[91 Recently, we have shown that it is possible to switch the luminescence in benzodi-furan quinone 6 electrochemically. 101 The reduction in THF of the quinone moiety... 

Above K = 141, a steady but comparatively small reduction in mixing time was measured [47]. This confirms that the four-vortex pattern is relatively stable for Dean numbers above the threshold value. The increase in interfacial stretching obviously is now more compensated by the reduction in residence time, as for the cases reported above. 

The application of membrane-separation processes in the treatment of wastewater of the leather industry can give a reduction of the environmental impact, a simplification of deaning-up procedures of aqueous effluents, an easy re-use of sludge, a decrease of disposal costs, and a saving of chemicals, water, and energy [22],... 

Neurath SK, Ferguson WJ, Dean SB, Foose D, Agrawal A. Rapid and complete dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols by Fe-Pd bimetallic reductants in bench-scale reactors implications for soil and ground water remediation. 213th National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, American Chemical Society 1997 37(1) 159-161. 

The basic mechanism of nitrogenase with the use of dithionate as an electron donor for the iron protein involves the following steps (Thomeley and Lowe, 1985 Likhtenshtein, 1988a Burgess and Lowe, 1996 Smith, 1999 Seefeldt and Dean, 1997 Rees and Howard, 2000 Syrtsova and Timofeeva, 2001) 1) reduction of Fe-protein with flavodoxin or dithionate and attachment of two ATP molecules to the protein, 2) formation of a complex between the reduced FeP with two bound ATP molecules and FeMo-protein, 3) electron transfer between the reduced [Fe4S4] cluster of FeP to the P-cluster ofFeMoP coupled to the ATP hydrolysis, 4) electron transfer from P-cluster to... 

Lukoyanov D, Barney BM, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC, Hoffman BM. Coimecting nitrogenase intermediates with the kinetic scheme for N2 reduction by a relaxation protocol and identification of the N2 binding state. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007 104 1451-1455. Denysenkov VP, Prisner TF, Stubbe J, Bennati M. High-field pulsed electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy to determine the orientation of the tyrosyl radicals in ribonucleotide reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006 103 13386-13390. Schiemann O, Prisner TF. Long-range distance determinations in biomacromolecules by EPR spectroscopy. Quarterly Rev. Biophys. 2007 40 1-53. 

Kinetic parameters were determined by following the reduction of the nicotinamide coenzymes at 340 nm as described by Dean and Dvorak (7). Rates were calculated using a molar extinction coefficient for NAD(P)H of 6200 M f cm" and protein concentrations were determined at 280 nm using a molar extinction coefficient of 30,420 M cm f Nonlinear least squares Gauss-Newton regressions were used to determine the fit of the data to the Michaelis-Menten model. 

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