DDT metabolites

The detrimental effect of organochlorine pesticides on reproductive success in birds of prey is well established following the crash of some populations during the 1950s and 1960s. Links have been established with the DDT metabolite, DDE, the cyclodiene pesticides and Although many raptor species... 

Heberer T, U Dunnbier (1999) DDT metabolite bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid the neglected environmental contaminant. Environ Sci Technol 33 2346-2351. 

Longnecker, M. P., Klebanoff, M. A., Zhou, H. and Brock, J. W. (2001). Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth . Lancet, 358(9276), 110-114. 

Masse, R., D. Martineau, L. Tremblay, and P. Beland. 1986. Concentrations and chromatographic profile of DDT metabolites and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) residues in stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Canad. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 567-579. 

The higher content of DDT metabolites (DDE + DDD) compared with DDT itself (i.e., (DDE + DDD)/DDT > 1) in surface waters indicates a high degree of microbial transformation of the initial compound in the soil. The DDE and DDD are formed by DDT dehydrochlorination and dechlorination, respectively. On the whole it means that loss or leaching of toxic compounds take place from RPA formed some decades ago. 

Subba-Rao, R.V. and Alexander, M. Effect of DDT metabolites on soil respiration and on an aquatic alga. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 25(2) 215-220, 1980. 

Milk. Mother s milk is rich in lipids and lipoproteins. Milk thus serves as an ideal route for the elimination of both water-soluble and fat-soluble chemicals from the mother s body. For example, the DDT metabolite DDE, the flame retardant mirex, and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often have been detected in mother s... 

The possibility that high estrogen levels may be linked to breast cancer has led to concern that estrogen-mimicking chemicals might also increase the likelihood of breast cancer. Among the possibilities are polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT. Elevated blood serum levels of the DDT metabolite DDE have shown a positive correlation with breast cancer incidence. 

Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Dunson DB, Guo X, Chen Z, Zhou H, Brock JN (2005) Maternal serum levels of DDT metabolite DDE in relation to fetal loss in previous pregnancy. Environ Res, 97(2) 127-133. 

The DDT metabolites, 4,4 -DDE (l,l-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloro-ethene) and 2,4 -DDE are OHS that form MeS02-containing metabolites that persist in biota and humans [4,11,12,15,22,23]. Of particular concern is 3-MeS02-4,4 -DDE which is bioactivated to a reactive metabolite that irreversibly binds in the adrenal cortex of some species [24-27]. CYP1 If hydroxylase activity is perturbed in several species, and thus interference with glucocorticoid synthesis in vivo is possible. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a major OHS that forms HCB methyl sulfide metabolites in HCB-exposed rats [28,29]. However,... 

Jonsson, C.-J., B.O. Lund, B. Brunstrom and I. Brandt. Toxicity and irreversible binding of two DDT metabolites 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE and o,//-DDD in adrenal interrenal cells in birds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1303-1310, 1994. 

Certain xenobiotic alcohols and amines react with natural fatty acids to form nonpolar conjugates. Hany of the early Investigations In this area were conducted by Edith Lelghty and her coworkers who found fatty acid derivatives of the following DDOH, a DDT metabolite ( ) several tetrahydrocannablnols (25,26, also cf. cyclohexylamlne, from cyclamate ( ) codeine (29) trl-... 

The ll-palm-A -THC can be hydrolyzed to II-OH-A -thc by cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase but not by phospholipase A, acetylesterase or phosphotransacetylase (16). An attempt to modify the retention of fatty acid-conjugated DDT metabolites was carried out by injecting the DDT-treated rats with sodium salt of various bile acids, heparin or lecithin of which all were known to affect the esterification or ester hydrolysis by the cholesterol esterase system. The results Indicated a significant decrease in the retention of the conjugated DDT metabolites in the rat liver and spleen (17). 

Smrek AL, Needham LL. 1982. Simplified cleanup procedures for adipose tissue containing polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and DDT metabolites. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28 718-722. 

After early concern over the accumulation of DDT in biota, analysis of DDT and its metabolites was carried out by nitration and col-orometric measurement after treatment with alkali. This was superseded by GC some 15 years later, and this development facilitated more rapid analysis, greater precision, and simultaneous unambiguous analysis of DDT metabolites such as DDE and DDD. 

It is convenient to draw together various developments. Packed columns have been largely replaced by capillary columns that are available for a wide range of applications. Attention is drawn to the decomposition of DDT at the GC inlet that could result in unacceptable errors in the concentration of DDT metabolites and therefore in the persistence of DDT (Foreman and Gates 1997). The generality of this phenomenon is unknown. 

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