Reference gas injection

Figure 2.218 (a) Reference gas injection port in irm-GC-MS implemented as an open coupling between GC column and IRMS ion source, (b) Reference gas injection port design ieft side pneumatic drive, right side... 

Figure 14 Bulk sample isotope ratio monitoring interface. The means for reference gas injection and for effiuent diiution are not shown.

Figure 15 Compound specific isotope ratio monitoring interface. For clarity, the devices for backflushing the solvent, for effluent diversion from the ion source, and for reference gas injection are not shown.

In Eqs. (S) and (T), [gas] and [ref] represent the time-dependent concentrations of the gas of interest and the reference gas, respectively, which are assumed to decay with characteristic lifetimes or response times after the instantaneous injection of the pulse, and ax (units of W m-2 per ppb or ppm) is the radiative forcing of the gas or reference per unit increase in their atmospheric concentrations. The value of ax is assumed to be time-independent. 

The sample gas is injected into the reference, or carrier, gas flow. The reference needs to have the same composition as the sample with regard to humidity and chemical background in order to give responses which only reflect the bioreactor composition. Thus, the reference gas has to be humidified... 

Early theories for transpiration of air into air [114, 115] were based on the Couette flow approximation. Reference 114 extended the Reynolds analogy to include mass transfer by defining a two-part boundary layer consisting of a laminar sublayer and a fully turbulent core. Here, t = 0 in the sublayer (y < y ), and t = OAy and (i = 0 in the fully turbulent region. The density was permitted to vary with temperature. The effect of foreign gas injection in a low-speed boundary layer was studied in Ref. 116, and all these theories were improved upon in Ref. 117. 

Answer by Author The upgrading referred to is as yet untried, though solid has been formed from triplepoint liquid by helium gas injection. 

Figure 15.6 contains a diagram displaying the principal sections of a dual inlet instrument [1,28]. Once prepared, the pure sample gas is injected into the IRMS via a variable volume gas reservoir, referred to as a bellow. The reference gas is also injected into the mass spec-... 

A minimum of two gas inlets is required, one for the inert gas used in the calibration of the dead volume and one for the reactive gas. The reference volume for gas injection might be a fixed volume type or a moving piston. In the second case it is possible to change the injection volume in addition to the loading pressure according to the sample adsorption rate and the required number of experimental points. One or two separate transducers might perform the measure of the loading pressure and the equilibrium one. In case that only one transducer is used, the pressure transducer volume must be added as dead volume in the reference volume. 

As is widely known, mixing in a bath is governed mainly by large-scale recirculation and turbulent motion. The former is characterized by the mean velocity components in the three directions, while the latter is characterized by the root-mean-square (rms) values of the three turbulence components and the Reynolds shear stresses. Desirable mixing condition would be realized when the two kinds of motions are produced together. Unfortunately, these motions on the mixing time in a bath subjected to surface flow control are poorly understood. This chapter discusses these effects with reference to experiments in which three types of boundary conditions are imposed on the surface of a water bath stirred by bottom gas injection. 

The reference MSFR is a 3-GWth reactor with a total fuel salt volume of 18 operated at a maximum fuel salt temperature of 750°C (Mathieu et al., 2009 Merle-Lucotte et al., 2012). The system includes three circuits the fuel circuit, the intermediate circuit, and the power conversion circuit. The fuel circuit, defined as the circuit containing the fuel salt during power generation, includes the core cavity, the inlet and outlet pipes, a gas injection system, salt-bubble separators, pumps, and fuel heat exchangers. 

Two different types of dynamic test have been devised to exploit this possibility. The first and more easily interpretable, used by Gibilaro et al [62] and by Dogu and Smith [63], employs a cell geometrically similar to the Wicke-Kallenbach apparatus, with a flow of carrier gas past each face of the porous septum. A sharp pulse of tracer is injected into the carrier stream on one side, and the response of the gas stream composition on the other side is then monitored as a function of time. Interpretation is based on the first two moments of the measured response curve, and Gibilaro et al refer explicitly to a model of the medium with a blmodal pore... 

FIGURE 10< 108 The procedure to measure the capture efficiency by the tracer gas method, aj The measurement of the reference concentration in the duct, when the tracer is released direcdy into the duct, fb) The measurement of the concentration in the duct, when the tracer is released from the source, / -= sampling point, 2 = pump, J = analyter, 4 - injection of tracer, 5 = tracer gas flow meter, 6 = tracer gas cylinder. 

Before eonsidering the effects of water injection in an EGT type plant, it is worthwhile to refer to the earlier studies on the performanee of some dry recuperative cycles. Fig. 6.6 shows the T..s diagram of a [CBT i X r cyele, with a heat exchanger effectiveness of unity. It is implied that the surface area for heat transfer is very large, so that the outlet temperature on the cold side is the same as the inlet temperature on the hot side. However, due to the higher specific heat of the hot gas, its outlet temperature is higher than the inlet temperature of the cold air. 

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