Width windows

Box-Car) averaging with a box width (filter width, window) in the range 1 < W < iV W = 1 just connects the points, while W = N calculates the overall Xmean- The mean for each box will be displayed as a horizontal line. 

Thus, the 4.1 s acquisition time would provide a resolution of (4.1 s) l = 0.24 Hz. If we require a resolution better (smaller) than 0.24 Hz, either we need more computer RAM to accommodate a longer acquisition time or we have to decrease our spectral width window. 

EXAMPLE 3.9 Suppose we are about to acquire a 62.5-MHz l3C NMR spectrum. The desired spectral width window is 15,000 Hz. The nuclei have 7j values up to 3 s and... 

The master equations for both FEP and TI (Equations 3-5) are defined in terms of a series of X, intermediates. But nothing in these equations dictates how the series of X pathways should be chosen. The simplest choice, and the one made in the majority of studies, is to simply define a series of fixed width windows (all A(/ -1-1) - A(i) the same). At each X point, a pre-chosen fixed amount of equilibration and sampling is carried out. But this is certainly not the optimal choice for all simulations. In the case of FEP, optimal spacing of the windows is dictated by the need to attain reasonable sampling of the quantity. If is... 

The second exponential function in Eq. (29) is used in ordinary Fourier transforms, where no window is applied. In the Gabor wavelet transform a window around / = t is superposed by the first part of Eq. (29) (i.e., by the error function). On the other hand, in the classical Gabor transform, not the Gabor wavelet transform, a windowed Fourier transform with a fixed width window is applied, as illustrated in Fig. 39b. 

FbwO) is the Fourier transformation of effective beam width as a function of spatial frequency / Fuff) is the MTF of the XRll. Because of the XRll windows curvature, projection data must be transformed to obtain uniform pixel spacing, described by Errors in object centre... 

The sizing defect method consists in selecting a defect in C-Scan image and framing it by an adjustable window in length and in width. Then, results are printed on the screen of the computer. 

Range Start and Width. Define the start position and extent, in millimetres, of the A-Scan display window. 

Precisely controllable rf pulse generation is another essential component of the spectrometer. A short, high power radio frequency pulse, referred to as the B field, is used to simultaneously excite all nuclei at the T,arm or frequencies. The B field should ideally be uniform throughout the sample region and be on the order of 10 ]ls or less for the 90° pulse. The width, in Hertz, of the irradiated spectral window is equal to the reciprocal of the 360° pulse duration. This can be used to determine the limitations of the sweep width (SW) irradiated. For example, with a 90° hard pulse of 5 ]ls, one can observe a 50-kHz window a soft pulse of 50 ms irradiates a 5-Hz window. The primary requirements for rf transmitters are high power, fast switching, sharp pulses, variable power output, and accurate control of the phase. 

A computer-controlled bandpass filter system controls the size of the acquired spectral window. Typically, this is set to about 120% of the desired sweep width. Only frequencies within these limits are allowed to reach the ADC. Those frequencies outside the limits would only contribute to the noise in the final spectmm. The need for this system is dictated by the nonselective nature of the excitation rf pulse. 

Figure 9 Treating internal dynamics during the refinement process. Due to dynamics and the weighting of the NOE, the measured distance may appear much shorter than the average distance. This can be accounted for by using ensemble refinement techniques. In contrast to standard refinement, an average distance is calculated over an ensemble of C structures (ensemble refinement) or a trajectory (time-averaged refinement). The time-averaged distance is defined with an exponential window over the trajectory. T is the total length over the trajectory, t is the time, and x is a relaxation time characterizing the width of the exponential window.

Figure 10.38 shows an input window with three triangular fuzzy sets NB, Z and PB. Each set is positioned in its regime of operation by the centre parameter c so that, for example, NB can only operate on the negative side of the universe of discourse. The width of each set is controlled by parameter ri . 

Eight variants of the DD reaction mechanism, described by Eqs. (21-25) have been simulated. The simplest approach is to neglect B2 desorption in Eq. (22) and the reaction between AB species (Eq. (25)). For this case, an IPT is observed at the critical point Tib, = 2/3. Thus this variant of the model has a zero-width reaction window and the trivial critical point is given by the stoichiometry of the reaction. For Tb2 < T1B2 the surface becomes poisoned by a binary compound of (A -I- AB) species and the lattice cannot be completely covered because of the dimer adsorption requirement of a... 

The reveals of a double-glazed window should be lined with acoustically absorbent material to damp the sound within the cavity. The width of the cavity should not be less than 150 mm. 

There are a large number of windows of finite width within which the attracting set is a stable periodic cycle chaotic and periodic regions are in fact densely interwoven. The largest window - a snapshot of which is shown in figure 4.7-(b) -corresponds to a stable 3-cycle and spans the width 3.8284 < a < 3.8415 ... 

Element Analyt- ical Line Wavelength, A Crystal Slit Width, in. Path Type of Detector Detector Path Length, cm Detector Window"... 

Lev MH, Parkas X, Gemmete XX, Hossain ST, Hunter GX, Koroshetz WJ, Gonzalez RG. Acute stroke improved nonenhanced CT detection—benefits of soft-copy interpretation by using variable window width and center level settings. Radiology 1999 213 150-155. 

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