Damages to building materials

Model for Economic Assessment of Acid Damage to Building Materials... 

Keywords Damages to Building Materials / Water Absorption / Water Vapor / DiBiision / Masonry Protection / Silicon Resin Network... 

Reactions of Acids and Bases Neutralization reactions are common in our everyday lives. Antacids, for example, are bases fhaf read with acids from fhe stomach to alleviate heartburn and sour stomach. Acid-metal and acid-metal oxide reactions show the corrosive nature of acids. In both of these reactions, the acid dissolves the metal or the metal oxide. Some of the effects of fhese kinds of reactions can be seen in the damage to building materials caused by acid rain. Since acids dissolve metals and metal oxides, any building materials composed of fhese substances are susceptible to acid rain. 

Acid rain can also cause damage to building materials and historical monuments (Figure 3.40). This is because the sulfuric acid in the rain chemically reacts with the calcium carbonate (CaC03) in limestone or marble to create calcium sulfate, which then flakes off... 

The activities at Picatinny Arsenal have been separated to comply with safety distances and all known means are employed to safeguard workers. When accidents have occurred, it has been due to these precautions that injuries to employees and loss of material or damage to buildings have been kept to a minimum at Picatinny... 

A number of tests have been developed to determine the corrosivity of fire gases. These have resulted from damage caused to building materials and components, to machinery, and metallic products, and to electrical and electronic installations. 

Damage to buildings arises only from relatively high concentrations of SO2 close to urban and industrial emission sources. Nevertheless, according to the findings of recent studies, the total cost of building material damage in the Community as a result of sulphur dioxide attack could be of the order of 0.5-2.7 billion/year (Section 11.2.5). 

The damage is usually a result of a contact and exchange of energy greater than the resistance of the object. Property damage can inclnde damage to buildings, floors, equipment, machinery, and material. 

Lubelli B, van Hees RPJ (2007) Effectiveness of crystallization inhibitors in preventing salt damage in building materials. J Cult Herit 8(3) 223-234. doi 10.1016/j.culher.2007.06.001 Lubelli B, van Hees RPJ (2010) Desalination of masonry structures fine tuning of pore size distribution of poultices to substrate properties. J Cult Herit 11(1) 10-18. doi 10.1016/j. culher.2009.03.005... 

Sulfur is present in many raw materials, including crude oil, coal, and metal ores. Sulfur oxide (SOj ) gases are formed when fuel-containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned, or when metals are extracted from ore. SO2 dissolves in water vapor to form suMurous and sulfuric acids it also interacts with other gases and particles in the air to form sulfates and other products that can be harmfid to people and their environment. In particular, SO2 is the principal cause of acid rain, which leads to deforestation, damage to buildings, and the acidification of waterways. 

This report presents information which clarifies the role of the odd beetle in the biodeterioration of museum objects. A standard form providing documentation of beetle infestations from several museums was compiled to build a data base file on the odd beetle. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the preferred food items and degree of damage to different materials caused by the odd beetle. The results of different treatment methods are compared to assist museum staff in developing a control program. 

Of course, rain can also be very damaging to some materials. Rain can cause thermal shock, a phenomenon that occurs, for example, when the heat that builds up in an automobile over the course of a hot summer day is rapidly dissipated by a sudden shower. Mechanical erosion caused by the scrubbing action of rain can also degrade materials such as wood coatings because it wears away the surface, continually exposing Ifesh material to the damaging effects of sunlight. 

Sodium bifluoride, by itself or ia conjunction with other materials, is a good laundry sour because, ia the concentrations used, it does not create a pH below 4.0 and thus causes no damage to textile fibers, although it removes iron stains. Leather (qv) bleaching and cleaning of stone and brick building faces are other uses for this material (3). 

Optical Coatings. Thin surface coatings are appHed to optical components to improve performance. Wideband antireflection coatings for the visible and ir regions need materials with a refractive iadex of for the best efficieacy. Cerium fluoride, a stable material resistant to humidity damage, has a suitable iadex, 1.63 ia the visible, 1.59 ia the iafrared, and is transparent over the range 0.5 p.m to 5 p.m. It is one of the compounds used to build up the multilayers deposited on lenses, sensors, and the like. 

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