Cyclophosphamide carcinogenicity

Hicks, R.M., Wakefield, S.J., and Chowaniec, J. (1975). Evaluation of a new model to detect bladder carcinogens or co-carcinogens results obtained with saccheirine, cyclamate and cyclophosphamide, Chem.-Biol. Interactions 11,224. 

Cyclophosphamide Cytoxan Oral 1.5-2 mg/kg body weight per day can be increased to a maximum daily dose of 3 mg/kg body weight. Long-term use is limited because of potential for carcinogenicity. 

Adverse Effects. Cyclophosphamide is used very cautiously as an immunosuppressant because of the possibility of severe side effects, including carcinogenic effects during long-term use. Other side effects include hematologic disorders (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity. 

Mirkes PE. 1985. Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis A review. Teratogen, Carcinogen, Mutagen 5 75-88. 

The results of the studies conducted on the 14 chemicals selected by the ILSI project were summarised by Eastin et al. (2001). Most studies confirmed the hypothesis that the dermal Tg.AC model responds to both mutagenic and nonmutagenic carcinogens. However, data from these studies suggested that the mechanism of action could be fundamental in obtaining the expected positive response. For example, topical application of ethinyl oestradiol, clofibrate and diethylstilbestrol gave clear positive results, whereas cyclosporin A was positive only in females and melphalan, phenacetin and cyclophosphamide did not produce any papillomas at SOA. The lack of receptor sites in the skin for these last compounds or selectivity between tissues for proliferative activity of some chemicals, could explain the negative responses. 

Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Erlich R, Koren G. Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity in a twin exposed in utero to cyclophosphamide. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1993 13(3) 139 3. 

Some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs are carcinogenic and/or mutagenic. They are widely used in hospital and laboratories, and there is a widespread demand for methods for their safe disposal and for surface decontamination, a field completely neglected. Research was therefore initiated on a number of these compounds doxorubicin, daunorubicin, methotrexate, dichlorom-ethotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, 6-thioguanine, 6-mer-captopurine, cisplatin, lomustine, chlorozotocin, streptozotocin, carmustine, semustine, PCNU and melphalan. 

Kola, L Folb, P. 1. An assessment of the effects of cyclophosphamide and sodium valproate on the viabihty of preimplantation mouse embryos using the fluorescein diacetate test. Teratogen., Carcinogen, Mutagen. 1986,6, 23-31. 

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