Cyclooxygenase 1 and

Non-selective NSAIDs [those that inhibit both cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2)] cause gastric mucosal damage by two primary mechanisms (1) a direct toxic interaction and (2) systemic pharmacologic actions. 

Dana A, Ilse Z, Dingermann T, Muller WE, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Pharmacol 2002 64 1767-1775. 

Prieto JM, Giner RM, Recio MC, Manez S, Rios JL. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase by aerial part of Bupleurum fruticescens methanol extract. Fitoterapia 2004 75 179-186. 

Zschocke S, van Staden J. Cryptocarya-species substitute plants for Ocotea bullatal A pharmacological investigation in terms of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol 2000 71 473-478. 

Deininger MH, Weller M, Streffer J, et al. Patterns of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in human gliomas in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 1999 98 240-244. 

Sano H, Kawahito Y, Wilder RL, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995 55 3785-3789. 

Mecfianism of Action-. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2. Therapeutic Effect Produces anti-inflammatory effect. 

Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in rheumatoid synovial tissues. Effects of interleukin-1 beta, phorbol ester, and corticosteroids, J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 1095-1101. 

Cryer, B., Feldman, M. Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am. J. Med. 1998, 104, 413-421. 

Kawai, S., Nishida, S., Kato, M., Furumaya, Y., Okamoto, R., Koshino, T, Mizushima, Y. Comparison of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitory activities of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using human platelets and synovial cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 347, 87-94. 

Kwon Y, Magnuson BA. 2007. Effect of azoxymethane and curcumin on transcriptional levels of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 during initiation of colon carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 42 72-80. 

Deininger M. H., Bekure-Nemariam K., Trautmann K., Morgalla M., Meyermann R., and Schluesener H. J. (2003). Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in brains of patients who died with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 20 25-30. 

Koetzner, L., Hua, X. Y., Lai, J., Porreca, F., and Yaksh, T. (2004). Nonopioid actions of intrathecal dynorphine evoke spinal excitatory amino acids and prodstaglandin E2 release mediated by cyclooxygenase-1 and -2. J. Neurosci. 24, 1451-1458. 

Badawi, A.F. and Archer, M.C., Effect of hormonal status on the expression of the cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 genes and prostaglandin synthesis in rat mammary glands, Prostaglandins. Other Lipid Medial,... 

Smith WL, Garavito M, DeWitt DL (1996) Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2. J Biol Chem 271 33157-33160... 

Filipponi et al. [7] studied the differences in the active sites of the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Two isoforms of COX exist a constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and an inducible cyclooxygenase-2, and it is believed that COX-2 selective inhibitors provide anti-inflammatory agents with a superior safety profile [35]. 

Komhoff M, Grone EIJ, Klein T et al. Eocalization of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in adult and fetal human kidney implication for renal function. American Journal of Physiology 1997 272 E460-E468. 

O Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW, O Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Letters 1993 330 156-160. 

Reimer M E, Johnston S A, Leib M S et al 1999 The gastroduodenal effects of buffered aspirin, carprofen and etodolac in healthy dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13 427-477 Ricketts A P, Lundy K M, Seibel S B 1998 Evaluation of selective inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by carprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59 1441-1446... 

FIGURE 90-3. Pathway of synthesis for prostaglandins and leukotrienes. COX-1 and COX-2 are cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes. 

Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, et al. Role of prostaglandins generated by cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in healing of ischemia-reperfusion-induced gastric lesions. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 385 47-61. 

Lee HM, Baek SK, Kwon SY, et al. Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 exptession in the human thyroid gland. Eur Arch Otorhinolar-yngol. 2006 263 199-204. 

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