Cyclone capital cost

Advantages of cyclones include (AWMA, 1992 Cooper, 1994 and EPA, 1998) Low capital cost ... 

The choice of cyclone modification, from an operating point of view, becomes a balance of incremental profit from increased conversion, versus catalyst makeup charges, and from a capital cost point of view, the price of either of the cyclone modifications, which must be depreciated. In many instances, there is an additional background time element, involving ongoing development of more attrition resistant and/or active catalyst. 

In 1996, costs of cyclone vitrification were estimated at 465 to 600/metric ton, with an average cost of 530/metric ton. Capital costs were estimated at 35 to 50/metric ton. Costs would be higher for applications involving remote operations (D136027). 

Hya Irocyclone The wet cyclone classifier has rapidly achieved prominence since the 1950s and continues to gain popularity throughout chemical and ore-dressing industries. Standout virtues are its low capital cost and ability to make extremely fine separations by proper adjustment of design/operating condition. See Fig. 19-23. 

Under such circumstances, the scrubber/cyclone of vendor B is clearly the better choice. Since no additional compressor capacity would be required, the actual capital costs associated with vendor B are nearly 50% lower than for vendor A. Furthermore, vendor B s operating costs due to power consumption are almost negligible compared with vendor A s—lower by a factor of 45, when a typical compressor efficiency ( jj) is taken into account. 

For the venturi scrubber/cyclone comparison, evaluation of available energy consumptions revealed that the 55.1 kPa (8 psi) pressure drop of system A implied additional operating and capital costs which by far exceed its apparent cost savings over system B. This dramatic revelation proceeded from only a very few straightforward calculations. 

Scrubber Water droplets injected into fine gas particles adhere to droplets which are then separated from the gas (typically by cyclones) Can achieve capture efficiencies of >99% [262] Low capital cost Can capture much smaller particles (sub-micrometre) than cyclone alone Useful for removal of hygroscopic or sticky particles and gas streams with high moisture contents Pumping cost can be significant, particularly for large flows Requires subsequent separation of particles from water... 

As solids recovery equipment such as cyclones and electrostatic separators is expensive, the flux of solids entrained into the recovery train must be minimized. The column exhaust must thus be located above the TDH. On the other hand, the column must be kept as short as possible to minimize capital costs. In practice, when internal cyclones are used, the exact position above the TDH of the column exhaust to the cyclones will be set by the dipleg pressure balance. 

SCR capital costs are higher for cyclone-fired boilers because their higher NO, emissions require more catalyst volume (Robie et al.. 1991B). 

Some disadvantages of the fluidized beds are the complexity in operability, difficult separation of the fine catalyst particles from the exhaust gas (imposing significant capital costs for cyclones and oil scrubbers) and erosion problem due to the high linear velocities (Dry, 1996). Moreover, H2S contamination of the synthesis gas feed means complete deactivation. 

An alternative drying technique which neatly avoids the problems of forming hollow particles is that of fluidised bed spray granulation In this process a "seed" powder is used which is passed through a fluidised bed and coated with a fresh l iyer of slip on each pass. Using cyclone classifiers, the size and size distribution of the particles can be controlled. To date, this process has not found widespread usage, primarily because of the high capital cost of the equipment. 

Suppose you are asked to evaluate the purchase of the multicone cyclone referred to in Example 3.4. The capital investment is 35,000 (see Example 3.4), and the equipment has a class life of 5 years, after which it will be sold for the salvage value of 4000. The income stream generated by the machine is on line A in Tables EB.5A and EB.5B. As the equipment ages, its operating and maintenance costs increase, and line B lists the expense profile. Assume a tax rate of 35 percent with no investment tax credit. Evaluate two possible scenarios (a) 100 percent use of equity and (b) 100 percent debt financing. Use straight-line depreciation for debt financing, for simplicity assume equal annual payments (principal plus interest) to the lender for the 5 years at a rate of 10.5%. 

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