Cyclohexanol solubility

Physical Properties. All colourless liquids, completely miscible with water, except benzyl alcohol and cyclohexanol, which are slightly soluble. Pure glycol and glycerol have high viscosity, which falls as the hygroscopic liquids absorb water from the air. 

Reactions. The most important commercial reaction of cyclohexane is its oxidation (ia Hquid phase) with air ia the presence of soluble cobalt catalyst or boric acid to produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (see Hydrocarbon oxidation Cyclohexanoland cyclohexanone). Cyclohexanol is dehydrogenated with 2iac or copper catalysts to cyclohexanone which is used to manufacture caprolactam (qv). 

Riboflavin forms fine yellow to orange-yeUow needles with a bitter taste from 2 N acetic acid, alcohol, water, or pyridine. It melts with decomposition at 278—279°C (darkens at ca 240°C). The solubihty of riboflavin in water is 10—13 mg/100 mL at 25—27.5°C, and in absolute ethanol 4.5 mg/100 mL at 27.5°C it is slightly soluble in amyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, amyl acetate, and phenol, but insoluble in ether, chloroform, acetone, and benzene. It is very soluble in dilute alkah, but these solutions are unstable. Various polymorphic crystalline forms of riboflavin exhibit variations in physical properties. In aqueous nicotinamide solution at pH 5, solubihty increases from 0.1 to 2.5% as the nicotinamide concentration increases from 5 to 50% (9). 

Solvent additives to the melt (Table 3) fall into two categories extractive and reactive. The extractive solvents (decane, perchloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, and pyrrolidine) had negligible effect on solubility, possibly due to the preferential wetting of the coal by the solvent and exclusion of the ZnCl2 melt. Reactive solvents (anthracene oil, indoline, cyclohexanol, and tetralin) all incorporated strongly. Donor solvents, tetralin and indoline, increase the "corrected solubility, whereas anthracene oil and cyclohexanol have negligible effect. 

Several approaches have been undertaken to construct redox active polymermodified electrodes containing such rhodium complexes as mediators. Beley [70] and Cosnier [71] used the electropolymerization of pyrrole-linked rhodium complexes for their fixation at the electrode surface. An effective system for the formation of 1,4-NADH from NAD+ applied a poly-Rh(terpy-py)2 + (terpy = terpyridine py = pyrrole) modified reticulated vitreous carbon electrode [70]. In the presence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase as production enzyme, cyclohexanone was transformed to cyclohexanol with a turnover number of 113 in 31 h. However, the current efficiency was rather small. The films which are obtained by electropolymerization of the pyrrole-linked rhodium complexes do not swell. Therefore, the reaction between the substrate, for example NAD+, and the reduced redox catalyst mostly takes place at the film/solution interface. To obtain a water-swellable film, which allows the easy penetration of the substrate into the film and thus renders the reaction layer larger, we used a different approach. Water-soluble copolymers of substituted vinylbipyridine rhodium complexes with N-vinylpyrrolidone, like 11 and 12, were synthesized chemically and then fixed to the surface of a graphite electrode by /-irradiation. The polymer films obtained swell very well in aqueous... 

O Draw cyclohexanol and cyclohexane. Which compound do you expect to be more soluble in water Explain your reasoning. 

With all solvents studied including cyclohexanol, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, heptavalent technetium is extracted most effectively from sodium sulfate and weakest from sodium nitrate or sodium perchlorate solutions. The data in Fig. 5 appear to be consistent with those on the solubilities of various sodium salts in pure tri-H-butyl phosphate. For example, the solubility of Na SO in TBP is extremely small compared with NaClO. ... 

According to earlier results, the solubilities at 18 °C in ethanol, ether and oil of turpentine are 0.5, 2 and 3.25 volumes of phosphine per volume of solvent, respectively Phosphine dissolves in cyclohexanol far more readily than in water. At 26 °C and a partial pressure of 766 mmHg, 2856 ml of phosphine dissolve in 1000 ml of cyclohexanol 15,900 ml of phosphine dissolve in 1 litre of trifluoroacetic acid at 26 °C and a pressure of 653 mmHg3 1. For the solubilities of phosphine in non-polar solvents see 312. jis)... 

Chromium penta-p-tolyl carbonate, [(C7H7)5Cr]2C03.6H20.— When the crude bromides are treated with caustic alkali a solution of chromium penta-p-tolyl hydroxide is obtained, which passes into the carbonate. This salt forms orange crystals, M.pt. 139° to 140° C., soluble in alcohols, chloroform or nitrobenzene, sparingly soluble in water or cyclohexanol, insoluble in ether. 

Homolytic liquid-phase processes are generally well suited to the synthesis of carboxylic acids, viz. acetic, benzoic or terephthalic acids which are resistant to further oxidation. These processes operate at high temperature (150-250°C) and generally use soluble cobalt or manganese salts as the main catalyst components. High conversions and selectivities are usually obtained with methyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes.95,96 The cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexane by air to a cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone mixture is a very important industrial process since these products are intermediates in the manufacture of adipic acid (for nylon 6,6) and caprolactam (nylon 6). However, the conversion is limited to ca. 10% in order to prevent consecutive oxidations, with roughly 70% selectivity.97... 

Hammad and Muller (1998) studied the effect of addition of alcohol with different hydrophilicity, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol as well as 2-phenylethano on clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of alcohols with ascending lipophilicity beginning with ethanol, propanol, and upto butanol, insigniLcantly affected clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of pentanol cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol increased the solubility to different degrees. The increase in the lipophilicity of alcohol increased its afLnity to the micellar phase and hence a higher concentration of the alcohol in the micellar phase is expected. 

As mentioned earlier, soluble salts of cobalt and manganese catalyze oxidation of cyclohexane by oxygen to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are oxidized by nitric acid to give adipic acid. The oxidation by nitric acid is carried out in the presence of V5+ and Cu2+ ions. These reactions are shown by Eq. 8.8. Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon 6,6. 

To catalyze the reduction of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol in an organic-aqueous two-phase system, soluble hydrogenase from A. eutrophus as an NADH regenerating catalyst was coupled with HLADH (Fig. 32) [37]. 

The first step of the proeess, the liquid-phase oxidation of eyelohexane to a mixture of eyelohexanol and eyelohexanone, known as KA (Ketone + Alcohol) oil, was developed in the 1940s. Cyelohexane is oxidized with air at 150-160°C and 8 20 bar. Soluble eobalt(II) naphthenate is eommonly used as catalyst. Cyclohexanol and eyelohexanone (ratio 1 1 to 3.5 1) are obtained. Since they (as well as the intermediate eyelohexylhydroperoxide) are more easily oxidized than... 

TABLE 11.1.1.17.1 Reported aqueous solubilities of cyclohexanol at various temperatures Sidgwick Sutton 1930 Zil berman 1951 Barton 1984 Stephenson Stuart 1986 ... 

FIGURE 11.1.1.17.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (In x) versus reciprocal temperature for cyclohexanol. 

Zil berman, E.N. (1951) Physicochemical properties of cyclohexanol-water. (I) Mutual solubility of cyclohexanol and water. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 24, 776. 

Why is cyclohexanol more water soluble than 1-hexanol ... 

How could we separate a mixture of benzoic acid and cyclohexanol Both compounds are organic, and as a result, both are soluble in an organic solvent such as CH2CI2 and insoluble in water. If a mixture of benzoic acid and cyclohexanol were added to a separatory funnel with CH2CI2 and water, both would dissolve in the CH2CI2 layer, and the two compounds would not be separated from each other. Is it possible to use extraction to separate two compounds of this sort that have similar solubility properties ... 

Thus, the water-soluble salt, C6H5COO Na (derived from CgHsCOOH by an acid-base reaction) can be separated from water-insoluble cyclohexanol by an extraction procedure. 

The synthesis of cyclohexanone, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 is an important industrial process [1], One of the major current routes for the synthesis of cyclohexanone is the liquid-phase autoxidation of cyclohexane at 125-160 °C and 10 bar followed by the selective decomposition of the intermediate cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, using a soluble cobalt catalyst, to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone [2]. These severe conditions are necessary due to the low reactivity of cyclohexane towards autoxidation. Due to the high reactivity of the products in the autoxidation step conversions must be kept low (<10%) [3,4]. Heterogeneous catalysts potentially offer several advantages over their homogeneous counterparts, for example, ease of recovery and recycling and enhanced stability. Recently we found that chromium substituted aluminophosphate-5 and chromium substituted silicalite-1 (CrS-1) are active, selective and recyclable catalysts for the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide to cyclohexanone [5j. 

A) Solubility. To 4 ml of distilled water add, drop by drop, 10-15 drops of l-butanol until no more dissolves. Save the tube. Repeat, using ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and phenol. The last is solid, therefore use 0.5 g. Likewise determine the solubility of a nitrophenol if available. Treat solutions as directed in section (B). 

One important reaction which is important from analytical chemistry point of view is Komarowsky reaction which is between certain alcohols and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in dilute sulfuric acid solutions to give soluble colored complexes, 1,2-propylene glycol, for instance, gives a colored product while ethylene glycol does not. The reaction has also been used to determine cyclohexanol in cyclohexanone [2]. 

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