Cycloaddition reactions 1.2.4- oxadiazoles

Having an efficient total synthesis of the indole alkaloid vindoline in mind, the Boger group [47] developed a facile entry to its core structure using a domino [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition. Reaction of the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 4-139 led to 4-140 in high yield and excellent stereoselectivity via the intermediates 4-141 and 4-142 (Scheme 4.29). 

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of l,2-0-isopropylidene-a-D-xylopentodialdo-l,4-furanose oxime 262 with 3-(2-propynylthio)-l/f-l,2,4-triazole affords 3,4-bis-(l,2-0-isopropylidene-a-D-threofuranos 4-yl)-l,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide 263 as a main product (Scheme 68) <2000CHC393>. Synthesis of 3,4-bis(alkylamino)-l,2,5-oxadiazoles 265... 

More recently, some examples of intramolecular Diels-Alder and tandem intramolecular Diels-Alder/l,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of especially designed 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives have been described (Scheme 3). The... 

These routes are dimerization to furoxans 2 proceeding at ambient and lower temperatures for all nitrile oxides excluding those, in which the fulmido group is sterically shielded, isomerization to isocyanates 3, which proceeds at elevated temperature, is practically the only reaction of sterically stabilized nitrile oxides. Dimerizations to 1,2,4-oxadiazole 4-oxides 4 in the presence of trimethylamine (4) or BF3 (1 BF3 = 2 1) (24) and to 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazines 5 in excess BF3 (1, 24) or in the presence of pyridine (4) are of lesser importance. Strong reactivity of nitrile oxides is based mainly on their ability to add nucleophiles and particularly enter 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various dipolarophiles (see Sections 1.3 and 1.4). 

The carbon-nitrogen triple bond of aryl thiocyanates acts as a dipolarophile in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Reactions with nitrile oxides yield 5-arylthio-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 227 (X = O Y = S). Aryl selenocyanates behave similarly forming 5-arylseleno-l,2,4-oxadiazoles 227 (X = 0 Y = Se). Reactions of 5-aryl-... 

Aroylglyoxylonitrile oxides 4-R C6H4COCNO, undergo a cycloaddition reaction with CH2(CN)2. The 3-aroyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole-5-acetonitrile obtained are converted to the corresponding (3-aroyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)acetic acids 229 (393). 

Closure of the oxadiazole ring is still achieved through cycloaddition between pyridine iV-oxides and isocyanates, affording adducts such as 142 (Scheme 38) <1995T6451>. Nonaromatic imine fV-oxides exhibited similar reactivities, since azasugar-derived fV-oxides as a mixture of 143 and 144 underwent cycloaddition reactions in the presence of phenyl isocyanate or trichloroacetonitrile. Compounds 145 and 146 (Scheme 39) were obtained from the aldoxime W-oxide 143 two other regioisomeric heterocycles arose from the ketoxime derivative 144 <1996T4467>. 

A [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of 1,3,4-oxadiazole 195 was followed by isomerization and elimination of dinitrogen to provide a pyrrole [160]. 

The first examples of furazan and furoxan nitrile oxides have been reported in the early 1990s. 4-Aminofurazan-3-carbonitrile oxide (65) was generated from the hydroximoyl chloride with base and its cycloaddition reactions investigated <92KGS687>, and the 4-phenyl analogue (66) is formed via the nitrolic acid derivative by treatment of the aldoxime with dinitrogen tetroxide <93LA44i>. Furazan-3-amidoximes react in the usual way with nitriles to yield 3-(furazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles <9013941 >. 

An interesting preparation of aliphatic diazoalkanes (R R C = N2 R, R = alkyl) involves the photolysis of 2-alkoxy-2,5-dihydro-1,3.4-oxadiazoles (see Scheme 8.49). When the photolysis is carried out in the presence of an appropriate dipolarophUe, the diazo compounds can be intercepted (prior to their further photolysis) by a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (54). As an example, 2-diazopropane was intercepted with A-phenylmaleimide (54) and norbornenes (55) to give the corresponding A -pyrazolines. 

Unlike the mesoionic 1,2,3-oxadiazoles (see Chapter 5.03), mesoionic 1,2,3,4-oxatriazoles 5 and 6 do not undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Azides formed by loss of carbon dioxide from anhydro-5-hydroxy-l,2,3,4-oxatria-zolium hydroxides 4, on prolonged heating with lithium chloride, may be trapped by cycloaddition to an alkyne < 1996CHEC-II(4)679>. 

The triple bond of nitriles is attacked by aroyl nitrenes to give rise to oxadiazoles as illustrated in Sch. 25 [22,41]. However, additions of acyl nitrenes to olefmic double bonds can be carried out in acetonitrile solution because the cycloaddition reaction to the solvent is much slower. 

Oxazoles represent the most widely recognized heteroaromatic azadiene capable of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The course of the oxazole Diels-Alder reaction and the facility with which it proceeds are dependent upon the dienophile structure (alkene, alkyne), the oxazole and dienophile substitution, and the reaction conditions. Alkene dienophiles provide pyridine products derived from fragmentation of the [4 + 2] cycloadducts which subsequently aromatize through a variety of reaction pathways to provide the substituted pyridines (Scheme 14). In comparison, alkyne dienophiles provide substituted fiirans that arise from the retro Diels-Alder reaction with loss of R CN from the initial [4 + 2] cycloadduct (Scheme 15,206 Representative applications of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of oxazoles are summarized in Table 14. Selected examples of additional five-membered heteroaromatic azadienes participatiitg in [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions have been detailed and include the Diels-Alder reactions of thiazoles, - 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, isoxazoles, pyrroles and imidazoles. ... 

The [2+1] cycloaddition reactions of several dialkoxycarbenes generated in situ from the corresponding 2,2-dialkoxy-2//,5//-l, 3,4-oxadiazoles to bicyclopropylidene produced the dialkyl-acetals of dispiro[2.0.2.1]heptan-7-one. ° ... 

Dihydrotetrazines (340), which can easily be oxidized to 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, can be formed by dimerization of thiohydrazides (337) or amidrazones (338). The ring closure of hydrazidines (339) in a [5 + 1] fashion proceeds well with activated carboxylic acid derivatives such as imidates (341), orthocarboxylates (342) or dithiocarboxylates (343). The [4 + 2] procedure is found in the transformation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (346) or 1,4-dichloroazines (345) with hydrazine. Finally diazoalkanes (344) can be dimerized in a [3 - - 3] manner under the influence of a base the dimerization of diazoacetic ester is an early example, leading to 3,6-tetrazinedicarboxylate (48), which is frequently used in (4 -I- 2) cycloaddition reactions with inverse electron demand. Nitrile imines, reactive intermediates which are formed from many precursors, can dimerize in a [3 -I- 3] fashion to form 1,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted 1,4-dihydrotetrazines. These reactions are summarized in Scheme 57. 

Because these transition state structures are symmetric, all previously used approaches for determining relative reactivity of the heterocycles should be applicable in these cases. The cycloaddition is a HOMO dienophile and LUMO heterocycle (diene) controlled cycloaddition reaction with exceptionally low demand for orbital energy changes in reactants to achieve the electronic contribution present in the transition state structure (Table 41). There is no doubt that 1,3,4-oxadiazole is the most reactive of all five-membered heterocycles with three heteroatoms. However, the question remains as to whether this heterocycle is more reactive than, for instance, furan or even cyclopentadiene. To answer this question, the deviation of bond order uniformity in the six-membered ring being formed was computed (Table 42). The bond order uniformity selected 1,3,4-... 

The reaction barrier firmly supported our previous finding that 1,3,4-oxadiazole should react with highly reactive dienophiles. In fact, it was predicted that the reaction between 1,3,4-oxadiazole and cyclopropene should be possible under moderate reaction conditions (room temperature). For reactions with dienophiles of low reactivity such as ethylene, forceful reaction conditions or even activation of the diene or dienophile are required. Both 1,3,4-triazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole were predicted to have activation barriers that were 6 kcal/mol and correspond to comparable reactivities. In all cycloaddition reactions with cyclopropene as a dienophile, an exo cycloadduct is predicted to be a major or exclusive product, which is in agreement with some of our previous studies of cycloaddition reactions with furan as a diene and cyclopropene as a dienophile. 

As mentioned above, the cycloaddition reaction with 1,3,4-oxadiazole is predicted to be LUMO diene (heterocycle) controlled. That definitely suggests that with electron-withdrawing substituents in the two and five positions of the heterocycle ring, the heterocycle should become more reactive as a diene for Diels-Alder reactions. To study the usefulness of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and its derivatives as dienes for the Diels-Alder reaction, we are presenting the results of our theoretical study of the cyclopropene addition to 2,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole. The AMI computed FMO energy gap for this reaction pair was only 8.00266 eV in comparison to 9.64149 eV FMO energy gap between LUMO of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and HOMO of cyclopropene. Therefore, the computed activation barrier for the cyclopropene addition to 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole should be very... 

The accumulation of the cycloaddition product is related to its thermal stability in regard to nitrogen elimination. Here, elimination of nitrogen is even more pronounced because of two reasons the presence of the double C-C bond instead of a cyclopropane moiety (Scheme 11) and because it can produce corresponding furan derivatives. Furan is actually one of the rare aromatic heterocyclic compounds that easily participates in Diels-Alder reactions as a moderately active diene. Therefore, it is also reasonable to postulate that the furan derivative obtained after elimination of nitrogen is more reactive than 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole. Additionally, the cycloadduct with a second molecule of cyclooctyne would be a final product of the cycloaddition reaction. To explore this possibility further, a semiempirical study of cycloadduct stability and activation barrier needed for cyclooctyne to react with furan was performed. 

All computational studies were in agreement with experimental findings. To the best of our knowledge, there are no experimental data that suggest the possibility of a cycloaddition reaction between 1,3,4-oxadiazole or electron rich 1,3,4-oxadiazoles with either ethylene or acetylene. Our attempt to perform a cycloaddition reaction between electron rich 1,3,4-oxadiazoles such as 2-methyl-5-... 

The 2-methyl-4,5-dihydrooxazoles (358 Z = O) or 2-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (358 Z = S) undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with benzonitrile A -oxide to give the corresponding 7a-methyl-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-7a//-oxazolo[3,2- ][l,2,4]oxadiazoles (16) or -thiazolo[3,2-c ]-[l,2,4]oxadiazoles (17) (Equation (121)) <92T7703>. 

Yuan ZQ, Ishikawa H et al (2005) Total synthesis of natural (+)- and ent-(—)-4-desacetoxy-6, 7-dihydrovindOTosine and natural aud eut-minoviue oxadiazole tandem intramolecular Diels-Alder/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Org Lett 7 741—744... 

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