Current conductors

Data Communication Wires. Electronic cables such as data communication wires employ three basic designs coaxial, twisted pair, and fiber optics (3,4) (Eig. 1). Coaxial cables are so named because the axis of curvature of its outer conductor is concentric to its inner central wire. The metal braiding wrapped around the insulated center wire acts as the return current conductor in addition to shielding the wire from various interferences. 

In recent years, there has been interest in using zinc as a power-impressed anode for the cathodic protection of steel in concrete. The zinc is flame sprayed onto a grit blasted concrete surface to a final film thickness of approximately 250 m. A primary anode is necessary. Early systems used brass plates as the primary anode, but more recent systems used platinised titanium or niobium wire anodes as the primary current conductor. 

The network of lead wires must provide optimum mechanical support to the pellets of active material that fill the void space. Sufficient conductivity has also to be provided by the grid. Grids for positive and negative electrodes are usually similar. In batteries designed for extended service life, the positive grid is made heavier to provide a corrosion reserve. For very thin electrodes, a lead foil is used as the substrate and current conductor. 

Noise protection is needed to protect against RFI/EMI problems caused by mobile and stationary radio, television, and handheld walkie-talkies radio-controlled overhead cranes radar induction heating systems static discharge high-speed power-switching elements high-AC current conductors large solenoids and relays transformers AC and DC motors welders and even... 

Electrochemical energy proportional to the potential difference E — Ep which is consumed according to this formula to overoome the resistance R of both the electrolyte and the external oircuit, is finally converted into heat which increases the temperature of the electrolyte and current conductors. 

The design of connection of the electrodes to the current conductors depends on the nature of the process. There is a considerable difference between the connections used in electrolyzers where periodical removal of electrodes from the bath is required and the connections used in electrolyzers where the electrodes are not removed and form a fixed part of the equipment. The first case is encountered mainly in electrometallurgical refining processes where anode scraps and cathodes with the deposited metal are removed. In such oases... 

The way of connecting the current conductors to electrodes which remain permanently dipped into the solution of electrolytes depends on the material of the electrode (whether noninetallic, such as graphite, or metallic.) One possible method of connecting a graphite rod to the current conductor is schematically represented in Fig. 41. the upper end of the electrode has a small recess it is encompassed by a two-piece copper terminal which is connected to the current conductor. A terminal for connection of a plate shaped electrode to the current conductor is illustrated in Fig. 42. At first the upper edge of plate A is fitted... 

A — graphite electrode, b, d — two-pleoe copper terminal, c — clamping bolts, f — current conductor. 

Fig. 42. Connection of a graphite plate electrode Fig. 43. Connection of a gra-to the current conductor phite electrode to the current...

K — Electrode plate, P — Current con- fir — Louvre supports, current conductor, j, doctor. ea — Louvres. 

Individual lamellae, 6 and 10 — Current conductors, S — Part o( the cover with gas collecting belle, 9 — Diaphragm. 

Double plate electrodes are more advantageous in this respect (see Fig. 63). They are assembled of two plates arranged parallel and reinforced by means of ribs the tops of which are connected to a common current conductor. 

A — Nickel plated, Iron electrodes, B — Gas collecting bells, O — Current supply, D — Current conductors to tho olectrodes, B — Insulation pipe, G, H — Current oonduotors, I — Gas collecting pipe from tho individual bells, K — Gas pipe, L — Asbestos diaphragm. 

A — Tank, B — Insulators. V — Double plate electrodes. K — Eoinforoemeut of the electrode plates, O — Goa collecting bell, 31 — Diaphragm, M — Collecting bell. N — Hydrogen dome, P — Nlokcl-plated coppor strips (current conductors), S — Holes in the dome, V — Oxygen dome, 1 — Bolts for suspension of the electrodes Ijd the domes. 

The advantage of the magnetite electrodes lies in the fact that it is possible to electrolyse at an elevated temperature of 70 to 80 °C, which considerably accelerates the chemical oxidation of hypochlorite, and so indirectly increases the current efficiency. However, magnetite electrodes are brittle, their electrical conductivity is low and they do not permit to use current density which exceeds 2 to 3 A per sq. dm. Magnetite electrodes are either in the form of hollow bars or tiles, which are closed at the bottom and electroplated inside with copper. Copper increases the conductivity of the electrode and enables current conductors to be soldered to the top of it without any difficulty. The current efficiency obtained with magnetite electrodes reaches 86 to 90 p. c., and... 

There are also two cathode assemblies suspended between the anodes. Each assembly is composed of three parallel steel plates which are suspended by means of steel rods, which at the same time serve as current conductors. These also pass through stuffing boxes in the cover of the cell. 

One of the most popular and relatively inexpensive measurements is the power consumption of the main mixer motor. It is measured by a watt transducer or a power cell utilizing Hall effect (a measurable trans-versive voltage between the two radial sides of a current conductor in a magnetic field, an effect discovered by E.H. Hall in 1879). 

Using these Bi-2212 and 2223 tapes, large current conductors, coils and magnets, and other products have been successfully made. 

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