Culture instruments

Bullinger M, Power MJ, Aaronson NK, et al. Creating and evaluating cross-cultural instruments. In Spilker B, ed. Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials, 2d ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1996 659-668. 

The required equipment depends on the type of cells that will be investigated in the flow photolysis stimulation experiments. In the case of Dictyostelium, only the most basic cell culture instrumentation - flow bench, centrifuge, autoclave, freezer, pipettes, and plastic consumables - is required. 

European Society for Quality in Healthcare 2010. Use of Patient Safety Culture Instruments and Recommendations. EUNetPas Project Report, Aarhus, Demnark. 

EPRI US Department of Energy, Palo Alto, CA Washington, DC. EUNetPaS 2010. Patient Safety Culture Instruments used in Member States. 

Other international efforts have included the EUNetPaS (European Union Network for Patient Safety) which was officially launched in 2008 in Utrecht, the Netherlands to establish an umbrella netwoik of all European Union (EU) Member States to encourage collaboration in patient safety. EUNetPaS sought to establish common principles at the EU level, integrating knowledge, experiences and expertise from member states and offering support to countries that were less advanced in patient safety. EUNetPaS published a two-volume report in 2010 reviewing patient safety culture instraments (Kristensen and Bartels 2010). The AHRQ Hospital SOPS was one of only three patient safety culture instruments that was officially recommended after an extensive review of available tools. 

European Society for Quality in Healthcare 2010. Use of patient safety culture instruments and recommendations. EUNetPas Project Report, Aarhus, Denmark. Available at http //ns208606.ovh.net/ xtranet/images/EUNetPaS Publications/eunetpas-report-use-of-psci-and-reconunandatioiis-april-8-2010. pdf (last accessed on 22 April 2014). 

The progressive decoupling of chemistry as education from chemistry as profession was noted in Section 2.2. That decoupling points to how higher education in chemistry serves not only as vocational preparation but also as a cultural instrument with varied utilities. While chemical education as... 

A third, related trend has been the steady shift away from chemical education as vocational preparation and toward chemical education as cultural instrument. 

The violin (Fig. 28.17) is a member of the family of musical instruments which we call "string" instruments. Table 28.4 shows just how many different types of string instruments there are of European origin alone - not to mention the fascinating range that we can find in African, Asian or Oriental cultures. 

Aseptic technique Manipulating sterile instruments or culture media in such a way as to maintain sterihty. 

Advancing the field of process engineering. Important generic goals for research include the development of separation processes for complex and fragile bioproducts the design of bioreactors for plant and mammalian tissue culture and the development of detailed, continuous control of process parameters by rapid, accurate, and noninvasive sensors and instruments. 

Cell cultures. MDCK cells were seeded in the Transwells at a density of 2.2 x 104 cells/cm. Cells were fed by changing medium in both upper (apical) and lower (basal) compartments periodically. Confluent monolayers were obtained at 5-7 days post-inoculation, when the cell density reached 4.5-5.0 x 105 cells/cm2, and a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of about 2,000 ohms cm2 was measured using an epithelial voltohmmeter (EVOM, World Precision Instruments, West Haven, CT). The amount of FBS in the cell culture medium could be decreased as the cells approached their maximum resistance, and could be maintained at that point for 2 days or longer in medium containing 1% FBS. 

Step 2. Instrumental isolation out of liquid culture media of individual cells. Step 3. Automated cell washing and cell suspension normalization to standard... 

A flow cytometer equipped with forward-scattering and side-scattering detectors and a sorting option that can distinguish cell size-and-shape, sorting specified cells of 1 to 3pM length into small volumes of culture broth in individual plate wells. (This instrument is used for step 2 and in another mode may contribute to step 1.)... 

The major causes of spectral variation were (1) instrumental drift, as Goodacre and Kell realized, but also (2) sample history, as discussed above. In particular, variations in the supplier or even the batch of tryptic soy agar (TSA) used for cell culturing led to spectral variations that differed in degree among disparate species. This phenomenon was attributed to the differential metabolic capabilities of the species with respect to the changed nutrients. 

Instrumental cell isolation and sample handling in liquid culture. 

Results of pyrolysis mass spectrometric analyses can be influenced by both phenotypic drift and instrument drift. Phenotypic drift can result from variations in culture growth immediately prior to analysis, and from variations during serial subculturing before analysis.125,126 However, this type of drift is not perceived as an obstacle in microbiological work because it can be largely overcome by standardizing culture conditions and by analyzing more than one sample from each culture. 

For PyMS to be used for (1) routine identification of microorganisms and (2) in combination with ANNs for quantitative microbiological applications, new spectra must be comparable with those previously collected and held in a data base.127 Recent work within our laboratory has demonstrated that this problem may be overcome by the use of ANNs to correct for instrumental drift. By calibrating with standards common to both data sets, ANN models created using previously collected data gave accurate estimates of determi-nand concentrations, or bacterial identities, from newly acquired spectra.127 In this approach calibration samples were included in each of the two runs, and ANNs were set up in which the inputs were the 150 new calibration masses while the outputs were the 150 old calibration masses. These associative nets could then by used to transform data acquired on that one day to data acquired at an earlier data. For the first time PyMS was used to acquire spectra that were comparable with those previously collected and held in a database. In a further study this neural network transformation procedure was extended to allow comparison between spectra, previously collected on one machine, with spectra later collected on a different machine 129 thus calibration transfer by ANNs was affected. Wilkes and colleagues130 have also used this strategy to compensate for differences in culture conditions to construct robust microbial mass spectral databases. 

---