Cucumaria frondosa

Yayli, N. Findlay, J.A. (1999) A triterpenoid saponin from Cucumaria frondosa. Phytochemistry, 50, 135-8. 

Trotter, J. A., Salgado, J. P., and Koob, T. J. (1997). Mineral content and salt-dependent viscosity in the dermis of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116A, 329-335. 

The holothurian Cucumaria frondosa contains 2,6-dimethylnonane-l-sodium sulfate (662) and 2,4,6-trimethyl-nonane-1-sodium sulfate (663). The structures were proposed without stereochemical detail [525]. 

The acute toxicity for frondoside A (2), the major saponin from Cucumaria frondosa as determined by the Behrens-Karber method was of 9.9 mg/kg (LD50) at intraperitoneal injection [28]. 

Cucumarioside Gi (8) and cucumarioside G2 (15) are native glycosides from the sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix. Substances 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 are derivatives of cucumariosides Gi- Substances 11 and 12 are dihydroderivatives of cucumariosides C2 and H from E. fraudatrix, correspondingly. Frondoside A (2) is a glycoside from the Cucumaria frondosa, cucumarioside A4-2 (13) is a glycoside from Cucumaria japonica, and the substance 14 is a derivative of cucumarioside A4-2. The data are shown in Table 1. 

Frondoside A (2) from Cucumaria frondosa causes embryotoxic effect upon sea urchin developing embryos. ECioo and EC50 are 3.12 and 0.98 jxg/m respectively [28]. 

The desulfated derivative 81 obtained from frondoside C isolated from Cucumaria frondosa was found to demonstrate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 1 ig/ml) when tested in vitro against several standard mouse and human tumoral cell lines (P-388, Schabel, A-549, HT-29, and Mel-28) [71],... 

Several triterpene glycosides isolated from the sea cucumbers Cucumaria frondosa, Cucumaria japonica, Stichopus chloronotus and Thelenota ananas contain the simple 3P-hydroxyholost-7-ene as the aglycone (49) [55]. Recently, three new monosulfated pentaglycosides, frondosides Ai-2 (49a) A2-3 (49b) and A2-4 (49c), Fig. (18) were isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa [61, 62]. 

Fig. (18). Sulfated glycosides isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa...

The sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa contains a complex mixture of A - and A -holothurins. Frondoside A2-6 (57c) [61] as well as the minoritary monosulfated pentaglycosides frondosides A2-I (50e), A2-2 (49a), A2-3 (49b) and A2-4 (49c) [61, 62] have a glucose residue as the third monosaccharide unit in the carbohydrate chain in contrast to frondoside A, the major component of the glycosidic fraction [85]. 

Recently, frondoside A2-8 (65), a new saponin with a non-holostane aglycone containing a A double bond, a hydroxyl group at C-20 and an acetoxy group at C-22 was isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Fig. (33) [62]. 

Fig. (34). Structures of non-holostane glycosides from the sea cucumbers Cucumaria frondosa and Pentacta...

HAMEL J-F and MERCIER A (1996) Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata Holothuroidea). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53,253—271. 

Figure 8.11 Stiffness modification of the Cucumaria frondosa (a sea cucumber) in the presence of an external stimulus the sea cucumber is in a relaxed state (A) and when touched the stiffness ofthe dermis increases (B). In (C) is a schematic representation of the switching mechanism in the biomimetic mechanically adaptive nanocomposites. In a swell state the interactions between the NCC are switched of, while in a dry state the hydrogen bonds between NCC are switched on and a stiffer material is obtained [81]. Copyright 2008 with permission from The American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Cucumaria frondosa V mAhcf etal.y 1991a (Echinoderm)... 

Lefevreioside A2 7,8 H a-OAc H sc-130 C57 Cucumaria frondosa Cucumaria lefevrei Findlay, Yayli, and Radies, 1992 Rodriguez and Riguera, 1989... 

Atypical Nitrogen-Containing Derivatives of Cucumaria frondosa... 

Findlay, J.A., Yayli, N., and Radies, L. (1992) Novel sulfated oligosaccharides from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. J. Nat. 

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