Cuba

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Cuba, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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E.N. Hogert, M.Landau, M. Rebollo y N.G. Gaggioli. Proc.of the 5 Latin-American Meeting, Lasers and their Applications. Nov. 20-25 1995, La Habana, Cuba. 

Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. 

Henequen. Agavefourcroydes grows ia Mexico where it was first cultivated by the Mayans ia the Yucatan (Yucatan Sisal). The plant produces for 20—30 years. The lower bottom leaves, which are up to 2 m long and 10—15 cm wide, are cut, machine decorticated, and cleaned. Henequen fibers are white to yellowish red and are inferior to sisal ia strength, cleanliness, texture, and length, the other grading criteria. Henequen is grown for local use ia Cuba (Cuban Sisal) and El Salvador. Twiae, small ropes, coarse mgs, and sacks are made commercially from henequen. 

The earliest oil marketed in the United States came from springs at Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, and near Cuba, New York. It was used for medicinal purposes and was an article of trade among the Seneca Indians. At that time, the term Seneca Oil appfied to all oil obtained from the earth. The first oil well was drilled in 1859 in Pennsylvania to a depth of 21.2 m for Seneca Oil Co. It produced 280 t (2000 bbl) in that year. This was the beginning of cmde oil production. 

Canada, Cuba, and Russia have the largest economic reserves, whereas the United States has less than 0.1% of the world s estimated reserves. Russia produced about 25%, Canada 22%, and New Caledonia 12% of the world s nickel in 1992. The United States produced less than 1% of the world s nickel in the same year. The net import rehance of the United States as a percent of apparent consumption remained about 75% over the period 1987—1992. 

All countries listed are included in Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) except for Argentina, Cuba, Cypress, Egypt, the former GDR, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Malaysia, Malta, Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, the former Yugoslavia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. 

Sugarcane is cultivated ia tropical and semitropical regions, eg. Central and South America, Cuba, India, AustraUa, Africa, and the Ear East. Sugarbeets are grown ia more temperate climates such as North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In some nations, eg, the United States, China, and Japan, sucrose is produced from both sources. 

The first use of steam power as a replacement for the animal or human power that drove the cane mills occurred in Jamaica in 1768. This first attempt worked only a short time, but steam drive was used successfully a few years later in Cuba. Steam drive for the mills soon spread throughout the world. The use of steam instead of direct firing was soon appHed to the evaporating of the cane juice. 

The manufacture of sugar was early understood to be an energy-intensive process. Cuba was essentially deforested to obtain the wood that fueled the evaporation of water from the cane juice. When the forests were gone, the bagasse burner was developed to use the dry cane pulp, called bagasse, for fuel. Bagasse was no longer a waste product its minimal value is the cost of its replacement as fuel. 

In metallurgy, hydrogen sulfide is used to precipitate copper sulfide from nickel—copper-containing ore leach solutions in Alberta, Canada, or to precipitate nickel and cobalt sulfides from sulfuric acid leaching oflaterite ores in Moa Bay, Cuba (120) (see Metallurgy, extractive metallurgy). 

Candida utilis is grown on sulfite waste Hquor in Western Europe and North America, on sugar cane molasses in Cuba and Taiwan and on ceUulose acid hydrolysates in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. C. ///i/if utilizes hexoses, pentoses, and many organic acids. Sulfite Hquor from hardwoods contains 2—3% fermentable sugars of which 20% are hexoses and 80% pentoses in softwood Hquors the proportions are reversed. The SO2 must be stripped out to allow yeast growth, which is carried out in large, highly-aerated fermentors. Eor continuous fermentations, carried out at pH 4 and 30°C, the dilution rate is 0.27—0.30 (34). 

Future Sources. Lateritic ores (7) are becoming increasingly important as a source of nickel, and cobalt is a by-product. In the United States, laterites are found in Minnesota, California, Oregon, and Washington. Deposits also occur in Cuba, Indonesia, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Venezuela, Guatemala, AustraUa, Canada, and Russia (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

Lateritic Ores. The process used at the Nicaro plant in Cuba requires that the dried ore be roasted in a reducing atmosphere of carbon monoxide at 760°C for 90 minutes. The reduced ore is cooled and discharged into an ammoniacal leaching solution. Nickel and cobalt are held in solution until the soflds are precipitated. The solution is then thickened, filtered, and steam heated to eliminate the ammonia. Nickel and cobalt are precipitated from solution as carbonates and sulfates. This method (8) has several disadvantages (/) a relatively high reduction temperature and a long reaction time (2) formation of nickel oxides (J) a low recovery of nickel and the contamination of nickel with cobalt and (4) low cobalt recovery. Modifications to this process have been proposed but all include the undesirable high 760°C reduction temperature (9). 

Includes mine capacity of 5000 tons for Cuba, a centrally planned economy. 

Late rites, which are oxide/silicate ores such as gamierite, (Ni,Mg)6Si40io(OH)8, and nickeliferous limonite, (Fe,Ni)0 (0H).nH20, which have been concentrated by weathering in tropical rainbelt areas such as New Caledonia, Cuba and Queensland. 

Some people believe that bicyclists require dedicated bike lanes and trails. This is a half-truth. Certainly, these lacilities are widespread in Germany and the Netherlands, but they are far less common in other cycling countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Cuba. In those countries, bicyclists have long known that they can share the road with auto-... 

The concept of OTEC was first envisioned by the French physicist Jacques-Arsene d Arsonval, in 1881. The first working OTEC system was built in Cuba in 1930, by the physicist Georges Claude, who also invented the neon lamp. 

I am deeply grateful to my former colleagues Ruben Alvarez, Heriberto Campand, Norma Galego, Carlos Hernandez, Ricardo Martinez, Jacques Rieumont, and Silvia Prieto for their valuable contributions to the knowledge of furan chemistry and for making my long stay in Cuba such a fulfilling experience. 

Primelles, E. Ph. D. Thesis, Universidal Central, Santa Clara, Cuba 1977... 

Now, Mix, die modern French American restaurant diat opened in September as a partnership between Jeffrey Chodorow, the club restaurateur behind scene-setters like China Grill and Asia de Cuba, and Alain Ducasse, die chef widi eight Michelin stars, is serving a house cocktail called die French Mojito. It could give the original a run for its money. 

Asia de Cuba, the sleek restaurant bar at Morgans hotel in New... 

Mr. Vassallo added, We saw it as an opportunity to come up with a new flavor system, the next adopted by Americans—an alternative to die margarita, which is die number one cocktail in die country. The mojito originated in Cuba as a farmers drink in die late nineteenth century as Cuba s rum industry modernized, making the mojito as common as beer. Only the rich drank it widi ice and soda. The mojito s popularity in the United States coincides with an increased interest in Cuban-style rums. Cuban rums are unavailable. 

Yerba buena, or Cuban mint, specified in recipes as the mojito s native mint, is peppermint, though die classification is also loosely applied hi Cuba to bergamot and die rugose form of spearmint, according to Dr. Art Tucker from die Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Delaware State University. Dr. Tucker is an expert on mint. 

Gutmann DH, James CD, Poyhonen M, Louis DN, Femer R, Cuba A, Hariharan S, Viskochil D, Perry A (2003) Molecular analysis of astrocytomas presenting after age 10 in individuals with NFL Neurology 61 1397-1400... 

A more recent paper by Rycroft and Cole (2001) described a study of Plagiochila rutilans Lindenb. From Bolivia, Brazil, and Costa Rica (all freshly collected) and Cuba and Ecuador (dried specimens). Material from Cuba had been described by Huneck et al. (1984) to contain, among other compounds, l-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbut-2-ene. In the recent paper, Rycroft and Cole present evidence that the correct structure of the compound is l-(2,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbut-2-ene, which can also be called 2-methoxy-6-prenylhydroquinone. The corresponding quinone was also observed as a minor constituent. 

Parry s Agro Ltd. is the major industry in India producing Dunaliella as well as p-carotene for pharmaceutical purposes. Another Indian company producing Dunaliella is ABC Biotech Ltd. located in Tamil Nadu. Small commercial plants are located in Chile, Mexico, Cuba, Iran, Taiwan, and Japan. The following companies actively engage in cultivating Dunaliella for commercial purposes ... 

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