Crew size

Date Day Total As (ppm) Mean Range Crew Size % > 0.3 ppm... 

To help overcome the problem of large, inherent variability, large crew sizes are suggested. In our latest 2,4-D forestry ground applicator study the simultaneous monitoring of 20 workers using the same application method has been employed. 

Unions had traditionally argued that minimum crew sizes were necessary for safety reasons, but railroads claimed that changing technology, such as the shift from steam to diesel engines, made some positions unnecessary. See for example Fisher et al. (1971). 

Railroad labor often cited problems related to the steady decrease in crew sizes, including fatigue and increased pressure from management to... 

Consequently, small reactor designs having features that allow operation with reduced crew size are favoured. Such operation requires a greater level of safety autonomy, that is, the reactor would have to achieve a safe, stable end state by passive means for all realistic upset scenarios without operator assistance and it would have to provide a sufficient response time for any eventual intervention using off-site resources. 

A) A description of each activity in which lead is emitted e.g. equipment used, material involved, controls in place, crew size, employee job responsibilities, operating procedures and maintenance practices ... 

Approaches to reduce operating crew size and required skill level... 

All other concepts lie in between these extremes, and they all employ one or more of the following approaches to simplify plant operation so that crew size and/or skill level could be reduced without compromising safety ... 

Some refineries use one person to decoke a drum, while others use four. Having seen cokers operate on a 12-hour cycle with both a two-and a four-person crew, the author concludes that the most effective crew size for short cycles is three decokers. During part of this decoking period, only two crewmembers will be involved in the job at hand while the third person is greasing bolts, lubricating the air-operated stem hoist, sweeping... 

TABLE 6.23 Typical Achieved Crew Size and Skills—Combustion, Hot-Gas-Path, and Major Inspection Baseload duty (gas fuel) MS7001E gas turbine... 

Typical crew sizes and trade skills needed to perform combnstion, hot-gas-path, and major inspections on an MS7001E unit are shown in Table 6.23. Fnrthermore, as an indication of typical maintenance worker-hour requirements which may be nsed in initial planning phases. Table 6.23 also presents average worker-hours per downtime (calendar) honr for some of the more prevalent types of inspection activity that occnr during the life of a gas tnrbine. 

Type of Operation Painting Contractor Crew Size N/A Collective Bargaining No Competent Safety Monitor on Site Yes Safety and Heaith Program in Effect Yes Was the Worksite inspected Reguiariy Yes Training and Education Provided No Empioyee Job Titie Painter Age ex 24/M... 

NRC. 1990. Crew size and maritime safety. Report by the National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 

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