Crassostrea

Figure 3 Annual oyster (Crassostrea gigas) production in Arcachon Bay, 1978-85 restrictions on TBT use were first applied in January 1982 (Data taken from Alzieu )...

The negative effects of TBT have been observed in the bivalve larval development of Crassostrea gigas, Mylilus edulisf Venus gallina, Spams aurata, in Nassarius reticulate and in the hermaphroditic snails Phisa fontinalis and Adelomelon brasiliana Since TBT exerts a variety of toxic actions on some mollusks and fishes , an adverse effect of TBT on human health is a real threat. ... 

Apart from gastropods, harmful effects of TBT have also been demonstrated in oysters (Environmental Health Criteria 116, Thain and Waldock 1986). Early work established that adult Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) showed shell thickening caused by the development of gel centers when exposed to 0.2 pg/L of TBT fluoride (Alzieu et al. 1982). Subsequent work established the no observable effect level (NOEL) for shell thickening in this, the most sensitive of the tested species, at about 20 ng/L. It has been suggested that shell thickening is a consequence of the effect of TBT on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Alzieu et al. 1982). Reduced ATP production may retard the function of Ca++ ATPase, which is responsible for the Ca++ transport that leads to CaCOj deposition during the course of shell formation. Abnormal calcification causes distortion of the shell layers. 

Alzieu, C., Heral, M., Thibaud, Y. et al. (1982). Influence des peintures antisalissures a base d organostanniques sur la calcification de la coquiUe de Thuitre Crassostrea gigas. Rev. Trav. Inst. Peches Mark. 45, 101-116. 

The ability of bivalve molluscs to synthesize sterols is questioned [106]. Approximately forty sterols have been identified from the oyster Crassostrea virginica and, since it appeared that many of the sterols identified must be of dietary origin, the ability of the oyster to incorporate injected radioactive acetate was studied [110]. Of the forty sterols naturally occurring in the oyster, only four were labelled by injection of labelled acetate cholesterol, desmosterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and fucosterol. However, when an oyster hearth tissue culture was grown aseptically with addition of labelled acetate, the sterols were found to be non-radioactive [111], This finding does not rule out the possibility... 

Sydney rock oyster, Crassostrea commercialis Soft parts 0.4-18.6 FW 8... 

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas soft parts 0.8 (0.2—2.9) DW 92... 

Shuster, C.N., Jr. and B.H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. 1968 Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 59 91-103. 

Zaroogian, G.E. 1979. Studies on the depuration of cadmium and copper by the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 117-122. 

Zaroogian, G.E. and S. Cheer. 1976. Cadmium accumulation by the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Nature 261 408-410. 

Ayling, G.M. 1974. Uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead and chromium in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, grown in the Tamar River, Tasmania. Water Res. 8 729-738. 

Preston, E.M. 1971. The importance of ingestion in chromium-51 accumulation by Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Jour. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 6 47-54. 

Zaroogian, G.E. and M. Johnson. 1983. Chromium uptake and loss in the bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12 167-173. 

Copper is the active agent in many antifouling paints applied to watercraft (Aaseth and Norseth 1986 Hall et al. 1988). The growing use of copper-based paints subsequent to the prohibition in 1982 of tributyltin-based paints (Hall et al. 1988) is associated with elevated copper concentrations in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) farmed in the Bay of Arcachon, France (Claisse and Alzieu 1993). 

American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Florida, soft parts ... 

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, soft parts 909 (113-2805) DW 134... 

American oyster, Crassostrea virginica-, adults with soft parts containing 837 mg/kg DW were held in flowing seawater of 1-2 pg Cu/L for 56 weeks No significant depuration soft parts contained 746-1526 mg/kg DW during exposure 26... 

Byers, J.E. 1993. Variations in the bioaccumulation of zinc, copper, and lead in Crassostrea virginica and Ilyanassa obsoleta in marinas and open water environments. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 109 163-170. 

Cheung, Y.H. and M.H. Wong. 1992. Trace metal contents of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) purchased from markets in Hong Kong. Environ. Manage. 16 753-761. 

Coglianse, M.P. and M. Martin. 1981. Individual and interactive effects of environmental stress on the embryonic development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. I. The toxicity of copper and silver. Mar. Environ. Res. 5 13-27. 

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