Course and Outcome

In classical multifocal COP, the outcome is usually excellent with a normalization of symptoms and imaging in more than 80% of cases (19). In a minority of cases, some minor fibrous sequelae persist at imaging. Overall mortahty in COP is reported to be 5% (19,20). It has been suggested that the prognosis could be less favorable in secondary OP than in COP (2,18,87), but a recent formal comparison did not find any significant difference in clinical features, response to therapy, relapses, and outcome (127). Factors that have been 

Aggressive treatment of relapses was initially recommended (131), but they now appear as a relatively benign phenomenon, which can usually be controlled with a moderate increase of corticosteroid treatment. Accordingly, we use a low-dose regimen of six-month duration to treat relapses of COP (19), starting at 20 mg/day of prednisone. To avoid unnecessary concerns, the possible occurrence of relapses, and even multiple relapses, should be explained to the patient. Relapses are uncommon in localized OP (78,79), but if they occur, corticosteroids are also effective. 

Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WA, et al. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 1983 52 382-394. 

Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1985 312 152-158. 

Katzenstein AL, Myers JL, Prophet WD, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans and usual interstitial pneumonia. A comparative clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1986 10 373-381. 

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The objective of chemoinformatics is to assist the chemist in giving access to reaction information, in deriving knowledge on chemical reactions, in predicting the course and outcome of chemical reactions, and in designing syntheses. Specifically, the problems of accomplishing the following tasks have to be solved ... 

Turner WM and Tsuang MT (1990). Impact of substance abuse on the course and outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 87-95. 

Data from Hoofnagle JH. Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002 36(S Suppl 1) S21-S29. 

The clinical course and outcome are affected by age, immunocompetence, viral characteristics, smoking, comorbidities, pregnancy, and the degree of preexisting immunity. 

Data from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, 2000 382-401 Goldberg JF, Harrow M, eds. Bipolar Disorders Clinical Course and Outcome. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, 1999 and Goodnick PJ, ed. Mania Clinical and Research Perspectives. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, 1998. 

CHANGES IN ONSET, COURSE AND OUTCOME OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE... 

The beneficial effect of added phosphine on the chemo- and stereoselectivity of the Sn2 substitution of propargyl oxiranes is demonstrated in the reaction of substrate 27 with lithium dimethylcyanocuprate in diethyl ether (Scheme 2.9). In the absence of the phosphine ligand, reduction of the substrate prevailed and attempts to shift the product ratio in favor of 29 by addition of methyl iodide (which should alkylate the presumable intermediate 24 [8k]) had almost no effect. In contrast, the desired substitution product 29 was formed with good chemo- and anti-stereoselectivity when tri-n-butylphosphine was present in the reaction mixture [25, 31]. Interestingly, this effect is strongly solvent dependent, since a complex product mixture was formed when THF was used instead of diethyl ether. With sulfur-containing copper sources such as copper bromide-dimethyl sulfide complex or copper 2-thiophenecarboxylate, however, addition of the phosphine caused the opposite effect, i.e. exclusive formation of the reduced allene 28. Hence the course and outcome of the SN2 substitution show a rather complex dependence on the reaction partners and conditions, which needs to be further elucidated. 

Conclusion. It has been demonstrated that the methods developed for the calculation of physicochemical effects can form the foundation for a general quantitative treatment of chemical reactivity. Based on the factors calculated with these various methods, reactivity functions can be elaborated that are able to assign a numerical reactivity to bonds and combinations of bonds in a molecule. In this manner the course and outcome of organic reactions can be predicted. A quantitative treatment of chemical reactivity is also an essential component in synthesis design since it allows evaluation of the feasibility of various synthetic reactions and pathways. 

Hopper K, Wanderling J. Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative followup project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2000 26(4) 835-46. 

Eckert, E.D., Halmi, K.A., Marchi, P., and Cohey, J. (1995) Ten-year follow-up of anorexia nervosa clinical course and outcome. Psychol Med 25 143—156. 

Pollack, M.H., and Smoller, J.W (1995) The longitudinal course and outcome of panic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 18 785—801. 

Corwin J, Peselow E, Eieve R, et al Memory in untreated depression severity and task requirement effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1987 Coryell W, Winokur G Course and outcome, in Handbook of Affective Disorders. 

Goodwin FK, Jamison KR Course and outcome, in Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990a, pp 127-156 Goodwin FK, Jamison KR Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990b... 

Keller MB, Hanks DL Course and outcome in panic disorder and depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 17 551-570, 1993 Keller MB, Shapiro RW Double depression superimposition of acute depressive episodes on chronic depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 139 438-442, 1982 Keller MB, Shapiro RW, Lavori PW, et al Recovery in major depressive disorder analysis with the life table and regression models. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 905-910, 1982a... 

Schizophrenia designates a group of mental disorders rather than a uniform disease. Eugen Bleuler (1911), who coined the term schizophrenia, disputed the then current Kraepelinian concept of dementia praecox because he had recognized that the disorders in question could have very different courses and outcomes. Specifically, not all patients with schizophrenic psychoses ended up in dementia praecox, i.e. with a premature loss of their mind. Carpenter and Buchanan (1994) suggested that the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia could be grouped into three relatively separate core domains of psychopathology (the three-compartment model of schizophrenia) ... 

Pfohl B, Winokur G. Schizophrenia course and outcome. In Henn FA, Nasrallah HA, eds. Schizophrenia as a brain disease. New York Oxford University Press, 1982 26-39. 

Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Grossman LS. Course and outcome in bipolar affective disorder a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 1995 152 379-384. 

Although meaningful differences between psychotomimetic and psychedelic phenomena can be specified, it is presently impossible to predict the nature, course, and outcome of an anticipated altered state, except in very broad terms. It is... 

G. Boethius, Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of JHmtland, Sweden. II. Drug exposure of pregnant women in relation to course and outcome of pregnancy. Europ. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 12 (1977) 37-43. 

U3. Uhl, W., Roggo, A., Kirschstein, T., Anghelacopoulos, S. E., Gloor, B., Muller, C. A., Malfertheiner, P., and Biichler, M. W., Influence of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on course and outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 24, 191-197 (2002). 

S. Bro, H. Berendtsen, J. Norgaard, P. J. Jorgensen, Serum selenium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Relation to course and outcome of pregnancy, J. Trace Elem. Electrol. Health Dis., 2 (1988), 165-169. 

Nucleophilic phosphorus(LII) reagents undergo 1,4-addition to ot,P-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (and other substrates susceptible to conjugate addition) to yield the corresponding y-functionalized organophosphorus compounds (e.g. 63).129 The precise course and outcome of the reaction depends upon the nature of the phosphorus nucleophile. 

Khnroo, MS., Kamili, S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis E in pregnancy. J. Viral Hepat. 2003 10 61-69... 

Koppel C, Oberdisse U, Heinemeyer G. Clinical course and outcome in class 1C antiarrhythmic overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1990 28(4) 433-44. 

In addition to these subtypes, it is important to keep in mind that many, if not most, borderline personalities have comorbid Axis I disorders—especially common are major depression and substance abuse. These coexisting disorders always complicate the picture and must be dealt with in any approach to treatment. In particular, longitudinal studies following the course and outcome of borderline personality disorders over the life span suggest very clearly that those patients who continue to do poorly are those who continue to abuse alcohol and other substances. Thus treatment of chemical dependency problems must be addressed. 

Coryell, W., 8c Winokur, G. (1982). Course and outcome. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders. New York Guilford Press. 

Anorexia nervosa is an illness with a serious course and outcome in many of the affected individuals (Steinhausen 2002). Follow up studies of pa-... 

Quadflieg, N. and M. M. Fichter (2003). The course and outcome of bulimia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12(Suppl 1) 199-109. 

Paret, G., Dekel, B., Yellin, A., Hadani, M., Weissman, D., Vardi, A., Hoffman, C., Knoller, M., Ohad, G., and Barzilay, Z., Pediatric craniocerebral wounds from plastic bullets prognostic implications, course, and outcome, J. Trauma, 41, 859-863, 1996. 

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