Coupling agent modification molecules

Whatever the coupling agent is, the control of non-specific protein absorption is important to the use of nanomaterials in specific protein binding. There are plenty of molecules used for protection of various surfaces from proteins with mechanisms as steric repulsion, hydration and solvent structuring. For example, the modification of CNTs with the absorption of biotinylated Tween 20 allowed streptavidin recognition by the specific biotin-streptavidin interaction, but provided resistance towards other protein absorption [133]. 

Adhesion interactions at the solids/polymers interfaces are first and foremost adsorption interactions between the sofid surface and polymer molecules [1—11]. After polymerization there is a low molecular-weight fraction of coupling agents, which can decrease the cohesion and adhesion of the polymer film. If the molecules from this fraction interact with the filler particles preferentially (which can be reached due to the filler surface modification) instead of with the material surface covered, then the boundary layer of the film can be free from this fraction and adhesion increases as strengthening the boundary layer of the coating leads to stronger adhesion of the coating to the covered surfaces [46]. 

Other additives that are used to make the surface hydrophobic are, for example, a combination of methacrylic acid and aluminum nitrate as a coupling agent [51] or groups like stearoic acid. Without chemical modification of the surface, one can also use bilayers of adsorbed surfactant as a locus of polymerization [52]. The first step is the formation of a so-called hemimicelle, a bilayer of the surfactant molecules at... 

A Chinese study [7] has involved subjecting PCB to demineralisation and then surface modification with a titanium coupling agent (NDZ-105), and then investigating how the black interacted with polyisoprene molecules by inverse gas chromatography. Rubber compounds were also prepared using these modified blacks and their mechanical properties were recorded. The results indicated that these blacks could be used to replace commercial semi-reinforcing carbon blacks in rubber compounds. 

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