Titanium coupling agents

U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,241 [66] discloses composites made of thermoplastic polymers such as low-density polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene (90-60%) and wood pulp or sawdust (10-40% by weight) grafted with a titanium coupling agent (isopropyltri[n-ethylaminoethylamino] titanate) in acetone, along with some inorganic fillers, such as calcium carbonate and Portland cement. 

Dezhen Wu. Research on NDZ-101 titanium coupling agent of polypropylene—Calcium carbonate system. Jiangsu Chemical Industry, 9(3) 19-26, 1981. 

A Chinese study [7] has involved subjecting PCB to demineralisation and then surface modification with a titanium coupling agent (NDZ-105), and then investigating how the black interacted with polyisoprene molecules by inverse gas chromatography. Rubber compounds were also prepared using these modified blacks and their mechanical properties were recorded. The results indicated that these blacks could be used to replace commercial semi-reinforcing carbon blacks in rubber compounds. 

Various inorganic esters have been claimed as coupling agents for reinforced plastics, including aminobenzyl phosphonates, dicetylisopropylborate, alkoxy compounds of aluminum, zirconium and titanium, zircoaluminates, and numerous substituted titanates [1]. These metal alkoxides could function in a similar manner to the orthosilicates by reacting with hydroxylated substrates. Like the simple orthosilicates such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), it is less evident how an-... 

In primer formulations for adhesive bonding of metals, the coupling agents that are most frequently used are those based on epoxy and amine functionalities. Aqueous solutions of aminosilanes have been successfully used for obtaining stable adhesive bonds between epoxy and steel [10] and epoxy and titanium [11,12], while epoxy functional silanes are preferable for applications involving aluminum substrates [13,14], A simple solution of % epoxy functional silane in water is currently used for field repairs of military aircraft [15] where phosphoric acid anodization would be extremely difficult to carry out, and performance is deemed quite acceptable. 

Sol-gel primers use inorganic or metal-organic precursors (generally aluminum, silicon or titanium alkoxides) whose chemistry is closely related to the silane coupling agents discussed previously. These precursors are dissolved in alcohol, then hydrolyzed by the addition of water ... 

Various additives and fillers may be employed. Calcium carbonate, talc, carbon black, titanium dioxide, and wollastonite are commonly used as fillers. Plasticizers are often utilized also. Plasticizers may reduce viscosity and may help adhesion to certain substrates. Thixotropes such as fumed silica, structured clays, precipitated silica, PVC powder, etc. can be added. Adhesion promoters, such as silane coupling agents, may also be used in the formulation [69]. 

In some examples it is not necessary to prepare the organometallic-coupling agent R2MX2 beforehand. Thus coating glass fibres with a heptane or alcohol solution of titanium alkoxide promotes adhesion between the fibre and polymer, e.g., acrylic, polyolefins, polyester, polyamide and other thermoplastic resins. 

Organic titanium compounds, 25 71-158 See also Titanium compounds in adhesives, 25 122 alkoxides, 25 72-86 as catalysts, 25 122 as coupling agents for polymer composites, 25 129-130... 

The coupling agents which have been most extensively used are various organo-silicon compounds, although several other types of compound of quite different chemistry, including zirconium and titanium comlexes [1], have also been used. It is with silane materials that we are concerned here. 

Miedaner [11] in several patents has disclosed that zirconium and titanium complexes of orthofunctional aromatic compounds (monomeric or polymeric) could be used as coupling agents for phenolic or resorcinol resins and glass. 

Titanium alkoxyesters and their derivatives are of considerable importance as a result of their ability to modify the properties of various kinds of plastics and coatings. The ease of formation and stability of the titanium-oxygen bond is the basis for these phenomena, which in the literature are summarized under the terms coupling agents or crosslinking agents . The applications include... 

Capow [Kenrich], TM for a series of powdered forms of coupling agents based on titanium, zirconium, or aluminum. 

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