Cottonseed products from

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Skeletal catalysts are usually employed in slurry-phase reactors or fixed-bed reactors. Hydrogenation of cottonseed oil, oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols, and several other reactions are performed in sluny phase, where the catalysts are charged into the liquid and optionally stirred (often by action of the gases involved) to achieve intimate mixing. Fixed-bed designs suit methanol synthesis from syngas and catalysis of the water gas shift reaction, and are usually preferred because they obviate the need to separate product from catalyst and are simple in terms of a continuous process. 

Burris N (1983) Three-, six- and nine-carbon ozonolysis products from cottonseed oil and crudechlorella lipids. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60(4) 806-811... 

Communities in India may also be exposed to hazardous cotton pesticides through the contamination of cottonseed and cottonseed derivatives - an important source of edible oil. Because of the intensive use of hazardous pesticides in cotton production much of the cottonseed oil entering the Indian food chain may be heavily contaminated . One analysis of cottonseeds collected from 5 locations in Punjab found detectable residues of the cotton pesticides ethion (WHO II), cypermethrin (WHO II), endosulfan (WHO II), chlorpyrifos (WHO II) the latter being 2 of the most common pesticides applied to cotton in India ... 

TABLE 17. Characteristics of Products from Cottonseed Oii Winterization. 

By-product from the manufacture of cottonseed oil, obtained by solvent extraction of dehulled cottonseeds. This product contains 7% to 14% crude fibre (as fed) (n = 117). Toasted cottonseed meal for ruminants see page 293 All values are expressed on an as fed basis unless otherwise noted. 

In addition to the natural components crude oils have been shown to contain very small amounts, in the parts per billion range, of chlorinated pesticide residues. Gas-chromatographic determinations have been carried out on samples of oil seeds, crude and processed oils and by-products from soybeans (Chaudry et al, 1976, 1978 Hashemy-Tonkabony and Soleimani-Amiri, 1976) and on sunflower seed and cottonseed oils (Hashemy-Tonkabony and Soleimani-Amiri, 1976). 

In the case of aflatoxins, detailed methods will vary from one commodity to another. Thus, defatted hazel nuts, pistachios, Brazil nuts, groundnuts, or groundnut meal, can be extracted directly with chloroform after the addition of a small volume of water, whereas cottonseed and cottonseed products are best extracted initially with aqueous acetone and the aflatoxins subsequently partitioned into chloroform. Established procedures for aflatoxins that illustrate these principles include ... 

Traditional procedures for quantification of total cyclopropene acid content have been reviewed by Christie (1970) and include titration with hydro-bromic acid and GC of the methyl mercaptan derivatives, products from reaction with silver nitrate/methanol and from methanethiol addition. However, a colorimetric test involving reaction with sulphur/carbon disulphide (the Halphen test) was found to be one of the most reliable methods for determining the small levels of cyclopropene acids present in oils containing cottonseed oil (Coleman, 1970). Another approach is GC of the relatively stable cyclopropane acids after hydrogenation with hydrazine (Conway, Ratnayake and Ackman, 1985)... 

A recent application of completely or nearly completely esterified carbohydrates is the formation of fat substitutes such as Olestra (a sucrose product from Procter and Gamble), which is obtained by transesterification of seven or eight fatty acids from soybean or cottonseed edible oils. 

Mahdavi, V., Monajemi, A., 2014. Optimization of operational conditions for biodiesel production from cottonseed oil on CaO-MgO/AUOs sohd base catalysts. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 45 (5), 2286—2292. 

Li, H., Yu, P., Shen, B., 2009. Biofuel potential production from cottonseed oil a comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis on fixed-fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 90 (9), 1087—1092. 

L. is a light colored liquid, soluble in most organic solvents but not in water. It is contained in many fats and oils, particularly in drying oils, such as - linseed oil, - sunflower, - soybean and - cottonseed oil, from which it can be obtained by - hydrolysis. Commercial products contain up to 67% 1. The rest consists of saturated and other unsaturated acids, mainly oleic acid. 

U.S. exports of the other oilseeds are smaller and foUow different patterns (50). Exports accounted for only 2—3% of the cottonseed crop and 16—31% of the processed oil production for 1991—1994. Of the peanut crop ca one-half is consumed domestically as whole nut products and 15—20% is exported. Only about 10% of the sunflower seed crop is exported. From 1991 to 1994 an average of 70% of the oil was exported, but only about 11% of the meal was shipped overseas. 

Oil. Most cmde oil obtained from oilseeds is processed further and converted into edible products. Only a small fraction of the total oil from soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, and sunflower seed is used for industrial (nonedible) purposes. 

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