Costs of targeting

Expression for Raw Material Cost of Target Product FOR Any Chemical Reaction... 

ACIK), but the extra administrative costs of targeting (CDEF) are small in relation to the savings in benefits paid to the nonpoor children (HGJK). This simple illustration probably underestimates the value that extra administrative costs can have on targeting outcomes. First, it does not capture the value that... 

TABLE 4.2 Administrative Costs of Targeting for Soioctod Means-Tested and Proxy Means-Tested Programs, Variens Years... 

A targeted, direct cash transfer worth the same as the net benefit of the price reduction (US 8.5 million to US 8.8 million) could avoid the weltare losses for net producers while providing the same benefits to net consumers. The administrative costs of targeting and distribution, as well as the likelihood of leakages to the nonpoor, would, however, raise the costs of such a program beyond the US 8.5 million to US 8.8 million in benefits or reduce the value of the transfer. 

Administtative costs of targeting. Costs to the program of gathering information to help make the decision about who should be admitted. These costs are part of the total administrative costs of the program and include program staff time to determine eligibility and verify reported levels of income as well as systems for registration procedures and applicant databases. 

Incentive (or indirect) costs of targeting. Costs that arise when eligibility criteria induce households to change their behavior in an attempt to become beneficiaries. 

Political costs of targeting. The costs arising if the degree of targeting negatively affects the program s budget. 

Clearly cost of targeting is an important factor in the choice of a targeting method. While the market based mechanism is generally seen as an inexpensive option (because they avoid the need for direct screening of applicants for aid), the administrative systems - with their requirements of collection and analysis of data, assessment of potential recipients, and monitoring - can be expensive. However, the administrative system may be better suited for maintaining a sense of fairness in distribution. 

The energy cost of the process can be set without having to design the heat exchanger network and utility system. These energy targets cam be calculated directly from the material and energy balance. Thus... 

Once a design is known for the first two layers of the onion (i.e., reactors and separators only), the overall total cost of this design for all four layers of the onion (i.e., reactors, separators, heat exchanger network, and utilities) is simply the total cost of all reactors and separators (evaluated explicitly) plus the total cost target for heat exchanger network and utilities. 

Alkylphenols can be synthesized by several approaches, including alkylation of a phenol, hydroxylation of an alkylbenzene, dehydrogenation of an alkylcyclohexanol, or ring closure of an appropriately substituted acycHc compound. The choice of approach depends on the target alkylphenol, availabihty of the starting materials, and cost of processing. The procedures discussed herein encompass commercial methods, general methods, and a few specific examples of commercial interest. 

Although biomass-to-methanol technology has yet to be commercialized, laboratory technology suggests that commercial production would be feasible at a cost of about 0.20/L. Assuming that expected improvements ia syagas cleanup and a reduction ia feedstock costs are realized, the costs may be reduced to the target of 0.15/L as early as 1998. 

In any case, like frequency analysis, examining the uncertainties and sensitivities of the results to changes in boundary conditions and assumptions provides greater perspective. The level of effort required for a consequence analysis will be a function of the number of different accident scenarios being analyzed the number of effects the accident sequence produces and the detail with which the release, dispersion, and effects on the targets of interest is estimated. The cost of the consequence analysis can typically be 25% to 50% of the total cost of a large QRA. 

The analysis indicated that the conformance problems associated with the hub design had a cost of failure of more than 30%. This would represent at the annual production quantity required and target selling price, a loss to the business of several million pounds. As a result of the study the business had further detailed discussions with their suppliers and not surprisingly it turned out that the supplier would only be prepared to stand by its original quotation provided the tolerances on the hub, discussed above, were opened up considerably (more than 50%). Subsequently, this result supported the adoption of another more capable design scheme. 

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