Average cost

Maintenance costs depend on whether processing fluids are solids on the one hand or gas and liquid on the other. Solids handling tends to increase maintenance costs. Highly corrosive process fluids increase maintenance costs. Average maintenance costs tend to be around 6 percent of the flxed capital investment. ... 

Annual plant maintenance and repair costs average about 6% of the fixed capital iavestment, but should be calculated directly from person—hour per shift data or estimates. The annual cost for suppHes can be taken as 15% of the total maintenance and repair cost. 

The cost of an initial hatch of 21 units, exchisive of special tools and setting-iip costs, averaged 120 per unit. The average cost of the next hatch of 80 units was 75.81. Let iis establish the learning curve implied hy these data and hence estimate the probable average cost of the next 50 units. We shall establish also the unit-cost curve to be used as a control during follow-iip orders. 

These are the overhead costs that it takes to operate a company. The item consists of all the administrative costs that cannot be assigned to a given project. It includes the expenses and salaries of the president, board of directors, treasurer, division managers, long-range planners and accountants. These costs average about 4% of the total sales. 

According to the vendor, Capsur s extraction efficiencies allow for less product use and fewer applications than for competitive products, resulting in lower labor costs. Average coverage rates given by the vendor (D15272H) are as follows ... 

Having a look on Fig. 5, it can be easily assumed that UGS facilities are always cheaper than LNG storage. From the past experience in UGS and available studies [1], it is also possible to give the average costs (investments and operation) for UGS facilities (see table 2). Investment costs average ratios can also be assumed and are given in Table 3. 

Table 3 - Investment costs average capacities and costs (in US ) for UGS facilities...

Step 2 Calculate the differential cost (average variable cost). 

Estimate the total operating cost per day for labor, power, steam, and water in a plant producing 100 tons of acetone per day from the data given in Table 22 and using utility costs from Table 23. Consider all water as treated city water. The steam pressure may be assumed to be 100 psig. Labor costs average 20 per employee-hour. Electricity must be purchased. Plant operates 365 days per year. 

Table 2.6 Cost Factors for Estimating Depreciable Capital Cost-Average Factor Method (Adapted from Reference 4.) ...

Table 2.13 Summary of Equations for Depriciable Capital Cost - Average Factor Method (Based on the FOB Cost) ... 

Typically annual support costs average about 10% of original project cost charged annually, index linked to rate of inflation. 

Complete operational costs are available only for the years 1950, 1951, and 1955 (Table II). Operational labor and expense are indicated as 21.2%, maintenance 8.9%, electric current 59.3%, heating 2.8%, cooling water 7.8%. Total operational costs averaged 3.03 per million gallons of water treated, and 0.23 per pound of ozone produced. This plant was operated only 98, 99, and 90% of the time in the three years, and at only 43, 38, and 30% of capacity therefore fixed items of expense greatly affect costs per unit produced or treated. 

Table 2.14 Calculation Procedure for Depreciable Capital Cost— Average Factor Method ...

Ferformance and Cost Data for Direct Heat Fotary Dryers Table 12-18 gives estimating-price data for direct rotary dryers employing steam-heated air. Higher-temperatnre operations reqnir-ing combustion chambers and fnel bnmers will cost more. The total installed cost of rotary dryers inclnding instmmentation, auxiliaries, allocated building space, etc., will run from 150 to 300 percent of the purchase cost. Simple erection costs average 10 to 20 percent of the purchase cost. 

Region Average Benefit Average Cost Average Net Benefit... 

The catalytic devices, developed by UOP-Arvin, Grace-Norris and Cyanamid-Walker, consisted of combined catalytic converter-noise mufflers with air pumps to supply the required oxygen, and were projected to add an annual overall cost (averaged over five years) of 26- 40 (1964 dollars) (15). 

RAM techniques possess many similarities to those that are used for safety. However, the key difference between RAM and safety analyses is that it is possible to talk about optimum reliability, i.e., the point at which a dollar spent on improving reliability leads to less than a cost-averaged dollar in benefits, as illustrated in Figure 16.1. With safety, however, there is no real optimum value all incidents are unacceptable. As explained with the discussion to do with ALARP, no company or government agency is going to commit to an acceptable level in the number of deaths or serious injuries. And nor should they. 

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