Cost-effectiveness ratio average

The resnlts of CEA are also expressed as a ratio—either as an average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) or as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). An ACER represents the total cost of a program or treatment alternative divided by its clinical ontcome to yield a ratio representing the doUar cost per specific clinical ontcome gained, independent of comparators. The ACER can be summarized as follows ... 

ACER average cost-effectiveness ratio ADR adverse drug reaction... 

Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio ( /Symptom Recurrence Prevented)... 

The nugget effect causes sub-sampling errors in PGE determinations. Previously, large sub-samples (30 g) of all samples were analyzed to decrease sub-sampling errors. This is not cost-effective. Our new approach is firstly, a 10 g sub-sample is used for the routine analysis of all samples secondly, samples with anomalous values are selected for duplicate or triplicate determinations, and the average value of these determinations is considered trustworthy. The selection of these samples is mainly based on the Pt/Pd ratio, statistics of RD% of coded duplicate analyses and total batch data distributions. 

AWP average wholesale price B/C ratio beneht-to-cost ratio CAP community-acquired pneumonia CBA cost-beneht analysis CCA cost-consequence analysis CEA cost-effectiveness analysis COI cost of illness CMA cost-minimization analysis CUA cost-utility analysis... 

One example is a summary report on the research that led to the introduction of the center high mounted stoplamp from 1985 [47]. The overall effectiveness in the sense of Eq.2.12 for the center high mounted stoplamp was determined by operational field and effectiveness. The operational field was defined as the number of all rear end accidents. The effectiveness was estimated from different studies (most of them FOTs) and has to be regarded as much more valid than, for example, an expert opinion. The average effectiveness was found to be 50%. In addition, an overall monetary benefit was calculated, first on the basis of avoided accidents, secondly using a cost-based (monetary) approach for both avoided and mitigated accidents. As a result it was possible to give a cost benefit ratio for the measure, which was found to be 0.1 [47]. 

Opposite harms are the benefits of the addition of substances. The ratio of costs to benefits is a critical unit in some safety assessment systems. Cost-benefit ratios may apply to individuals or groups. For example, an individual may benefit from a treatment but may experience side effects. Another example is the case of iron supplementation to reduce infant risk of anemia. Some or all of the infants within a group may benefit from receiving additional iron, while some may be harmed (e.g., experience constipation) on average, however, the population that benefits from iron fortification will be larger than the population that experiences harm. 

Activity ratios are a measure of how effectively a firm manages its assets. There are two inventory/turnover ratios in common use today. The inventory/sales ratio is found by dividing the inventory by the sales. Another method is to divide the cost of sales by inventory. The average collection period measures the number of days that customers invoices remain unpaid. Fixed assets and total assets turnover indicate how well the fixed and total assets of the firm are being used. 

Following these CNT electronic gas sensor studies, many other methods have been explored focusing on the reduction of fabrication cost. Snow et al. demonstrated that a low-density random network of SWCNTs can be fabricated into p-type thin-fllm transistors [Figure 14.7(c)] with a fleld-effect mobility of about 10 cm / Vs and an on-to-off ratio of about 10 [65]. They demonstrated that such thin-fllm transistors can detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a simulant for the nerve agent sarin, at sub-ppb levels [45]. SWCNT network transistors have also been transferred to polymer substrates to form flexible electronic gas sensors [66]. Other resistive sensors based on random SWCNT network [47] or MWCNT films [41] have also been reported. Besides the cost, CNT network and thin-film sensors increase the statistical reliability by averaging out the response at many adsorption sites. This is particularly important when gas concentration is extremely small. 

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