Cosmic symmetry

The main building blocks of the proposed new model are the relationship between geometry, numbers and space the theory of relativity and the periodicity of atomic matter. Taken together, these considerations indicate a cosmic symmetry that defines a harmonious holistic system that embraces all objects from the subatomic to extragalactic scales. The common geometrical factor is the ubiquitous golden parameter, r = 0.61803... 

As recently shown (Boeyens, 2009) the Bode -Titius law, which hints at some harmonious regular organization of planetary motion in the solar system, is dictated by a more general self-similar symmetry that applies from subatomic systems to galactic spirals. The common parameter is the golden ratio, r = 0.61803. Any such cosmic symmetry should be dictated by a successful cosmological model. 

The matter - antimatter asymmetry in the Universe and its relation to the underlying symmetries of Nature is of such fundamental importance that a number of large-scale experiments have been undertaken to search for cosmic antimatter. 

Cosmic structure based on a vacuum interface has been proposed before [49, 7] as a device to rationalize quantum events. To avoid partitioning the universe into regions of opposite chirality the two sides of the interface are joined together with an involution. The one-dimensional analogue is a Mobius strip. Matter on opposite sides of the interface has mutually inverted chirality - matter and anti-matter - but transplantation along the double cover gradually interconverts the two chiral forms. The amounts of matter and anti-matter in such a universe are equal, as required by symmetry, but only one form is observed to predominate in any local environment. Because of the curvature, which is required to close the universe, space itself is chiral, as observed in the structure of the electromagnetic field. This property does not appear in a euclidean Robertson-Walker sub-space. 

If cosmology is to be consistent with all of science it requires serious revision in order to come into line with chemical evidence pertaining to the periodicity of matter, the cosmic abundance of nuclides and the self-similar symmetry between objects large and small. All of these aspects, either refute, or remain neutral to the provisions of the big-bang model. A valid model, in line with... 

Concentration of the organic reactants on surfaces or in the pores of clay materials prior to reaction has been suggested by Bernal [219] and Cairns-Smith [220]. Pores of different sizes might have operated as prebiotic reactors for asymmetric synthesis, since within their confined environment one may find chiral catalytic sites as well as chiral surfaces. One could envisage that such pores might have provided a plausible environment for the formation of diastereoisomeric self-assemblies of the types described in this review and as required for the stochastic mirror symmetry breaking scenarios. In addition, within such pores the chiral material once formed would be protected from racemization that could have been induced by impact with heavy bodies or by intense cosmic radiation. 

Not too many theories have been formulated from this point of view and some of the more interesting cases are at the speculative stage of development. Even so, it is remarkable how some of the most enigmatic of natural phenomena have no convincing explanation apart from broken-symmetry theories. Included are the initiation or nucleation of phase transitions, superconductivity (T4.5.1), the arrow of time (entropy) and the cosmic imbalance between matter and antimatter. The beauty of the world, indeed seems to lie in approximate symmetries. 

The formation of an interface in a two-component homogeneous fluid happens when interaction between like entities becomes dominant. The resulting rearrangement is an example of symmetry breakdown that leads to the segregation of components into separate layers. On the cosmic scale a phase separation between matter and anti-matter is assumed to create two three-dimensional worlds in 4D space, such as >4 of Thierrin space. The interface can therefore not be crossed in three dimensions. 

Bauer CA (1947) Production of helium in meteorites by cosmic radiation. Phys Rev 72 354-355 Baur H (1980) Numerical simulation and practical testing of an ion source with rotational symmetry for gas mass spectrometers. PhD dissertation, ETH-Ziirich Nr 6596, 94 p (in German)... 

The most likely configuration must surely be a universe in equilibrium, but not necessarily static equilibrium. Furthermore, the assumption of imi-versally uniform distribution of matter is not necessarily correct, as it ignores the symmetry between matter and antimatter. The single most important mathematical difference between matter and antimatter is in their temporal response. Whatever the topology required to accommodate equal amoimts of matter and antimatter, it cannot contain a privileged cosmic time coordinate. 

Had this process proceeded unchecked it would have by-passed several important stages in cosmic evolution between t = 10 and Is, such as baryogenesis, electroweak symmetry breaking, combination of free quarks to form hadrons and interconversion between protons and neutrons. Not to interrupt this orderly evolution it would therefore be useful to have the phase transition postponed for a while. Many phase transitions are indeed known to be delayed by the phenomenon of supercooling. Why not this one ... 

Empirical evidence at variance with standard cosmology is, likewise, totally ignored. Even the most fundamental of empirical observations, known as universal CPT (charge conjugation-parity-time inversion) symmetry, which dictates equal amounts of matter and antimatter in the cosmos, is dismissed out-of-hand. Less well known, but of equal importance, cosmic self-similarity, is not considered at all. 

Here also, then, a very small initial asymmetry led seemingly to a complete dominance of the normal matter present today. The exact origin of the cosmic asymmetry is not known [14]. However, we know a small fundamental asymmetry in the so-called charge conjugation (C) and also in the combination CP of charge conjugation with parity (P). Hypotheses exist, which make this fundamental asymmetry responsible for the nearly complete asymmetry observed in the cosmos today, but their validity is doubtful. This question, thus, also remains open at the time. We shall address these symmetries in more detail below. 

But a considerable element of mystery still shrouds the nucleus, as is perhaps understandable for an entity so remote from ordinary things. It is smaller in size than the electrons which on occasion it can generate. It is possessed of a spin, and obeys sometimes Fermi-Dirac and sometimes Bose-Einstein statistics, in accordance, presumably, with the symmetry of its internal make-up. It emits a-particles with a discrete energy spectrum and j8-particles as a continuum, to reconcile which with momentum conservation laws a new particle, the neutrino, devoid of charge and nearly devoid of mass, is sometimes postulated. The occurrence in cosmic rays of a range of labile particles with masses believed to lie between that of the electron and that of the proton, the mesons, raises the question of the part which these too may play in the strange world of the atomic depths. 

The demonstration [1] that both Lorentz transformation and quantum spin are the direct result of quaternion rotation implies that aU relativistic and quantum structures must have the same symmetry. This is the basis of cosmic self-similarity. The observation that the golden mean features in many known self-similarities confirms that r represents a fundamental characteristic of space-time curvature. The existence of antimatter and the implied CPT symmetry of space-time favors... 

Antimatter as observed today can all be produced in normal cosmic ray interactions. However, even the detection of a single antinucleus of an element such as helium would constitute proof that the universe contains antimatter regions and would radically change our perception of the matter-antimatter symmetries in our world. 

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