Core safety process elements

The following are the basic core safety process elements that can be used to design and implement a structure that provides the foundation for a safety culture ... 

Discuss each of the six basic core safety process elements of a safety management system in detail. 

After reviewing a number of safety management systems from around the world and comparing their elements side by side, it is evident that a basic theme forms the overall core foundation of these systems. Refer to Appendix H , Comparison of Governmental-Related Safety Management Systems Process Elements . 

At the core of these elements is the simple concept of a PDCA methodology, called the Shewhart cycle (Shewhart, 1931), that can equally be applied to all safety management systems. PDCA has been at the root of quality control and safety programs. The Shewhart cycle has been adapted within the framework of many voluntary compliance standards such as ANSI ZlO-2012 Occupational Safety Process (Occupational Health and Safety Systems, 2012). Refer to Figure 6.1, Shewhart, PDCA Cycle for Learning and Improvement . 

The JHA is a core process element of the safety management system and offers benefits in multiple areas. As mentioned above, if you have a JHA process, it becomes part of the network of communications that spreads job information and influences safe behaviors through the organization. It covers both the job design for potential latent, built-in errors that are hidden and for potential active errors by the employee (Job Safety Analysis A Fundamental Tool for Safety, n.d. Volume 1 Concepts and principles, human performance, improvement Handbook, 2009). 

System safety is effectively a risk management process that deals on hazards, potential mishaps, and risk. System safety is involved in many different aspects of system/product development however, it is structured around the six core elements that form the system safety process. These six elements are the building blocks that shape a foundation for the SSP. Rgure 2.87 shows the core system safety elements and their interrelatedness. This viewpoint shows the core process as a sequence of tasks however, in reality, they are quasi-sequential steps as the process has many iterations and interrelationships. 

Discuss the core elements of a behavioral-based safety process. 

A probabilistic safety analysis has been conducted at the Research Center Jiilich for the process heat variant of the German modular HTGR with the purpose to identify differences compared with the electricity generating HTR-MODUL [55]. The process heat HTR-MODUL consists of a pebble bed core with 360,(KX) spherical fuel elements to produce a thermal power of 170 MW. Helium coolant gas inlet / outlet temperatures are 300 and 950 °C, respectively. The system pressure is 4 MPa. The connection to the secondary circuit is given by a He / He intermediate heat exchanger. 

The SRS CMP also aims to ensure that the core elements of the ISMS are adopted at each process or activity level. Safety is of utmost importance to SRS employees, as evidenced by the VPP Star status granted by DOE-HQ in 2000 for the quality of the DOE-Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) at SRS. Also, SRS received certification under the ISO I400I, Environmental Management Systems -Specification with Guidance for Use program in 1997. 

To overcome current limitations and restrictions in the monobromination of aromatic compounds, microstmctured reactors were tested by Loeb and coworkers [26-28] under intensified process conditions. Due to the improved safety features of microreactors, parameter screenings were extended to elevated temperatures and pressures. Moreover, undiluted elemental bromine was used as bromination agent, discarding the use of catalysts and radiation. In particular, the competitions between (a) single versus multiple substitutions and (b) core versus side-chain substitutions were investigated. 

Other companies have included additional elements into their core management system. Examples include behavioral-based safety, communication, contractor safety, and process safety management. You can add any elements to your management that will help you measure your success. 

As already mentioned in support of further hazard identification, for each Core Hazard a Process Model has been developed and was used to structure the Change Safety Analysis as described earUer. For each interface, the ICSA class is identified and recorded, and a reference to the relevant core hazard is kept as well as the description of the identified cause. All of the identified causes have been mapped to QRA model elements as well. This activity supported later quantification of some of the safety requirements as detailed later in this book. 

Either of the safety system types follow the same six basic core elements that provide the foundation and establish a PDCA cycle. While giving the appearance of being a simple process, each element has additional criteria that can be complex to implement. The six elements are ... 

---